Editing Surface science (section)

===Geochemistry===
Geological phenomena such as [[Iron cycle|iron cycling]] and [[soil contamination]] are controlled by the interfaces between [[minerals]] and their environment. The atomic-scale structure and chemical properties of mineral–solution interfaces are studied using ''in situ'' [[Synchrotron light source|synchrotron]] X-ray techniques such as [[X-ray reflectivity]], [[X-ray standing waves]], and [[X-ray absorption spectroscopy]] as well as scanning probe microscopy. For example, studies of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] or [[actinide]] adsorption onto mineral surfaces reveal molecular-scale details of adsorption, enabling more accurate predictions of how these contaminants travel through soils<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1016/j.gca.2008.02.013|bibcode = 2008GeCoA..72.1986C|title = Simultaneous inner- and outer-sphere arsenate adsorption on corundum and hematite|year = 2008|last1 = Catalano|first1 = Jeffrey G.|last2 = Park|first2 = Changyong|last3 = Fenter|first3 = Paul|last4 = Zhang|first4 = Zhan|journal = Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume = 72|issue = 8|pages = 1986–2004}}</ref> or disrupt natural dissolution–precipitation cycles.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1016/j.gca.2013.11.036|title = Kinetics and mechanisms of cadmium carbonate heteroepitaxial growth at the calcite surface|year = 2014|last1 = Xu|first1 = Man|last2 = Kovarik|first2 = Libor|last3 = Arey|first3 = Bruce W.|last4 = Felmy|first4 = Andrew R.|last5 = Rosso|first5 = Kevin M.|last6 = Kerisit|first6 = Sebastien|journal = Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume = 134|pages = 221–233|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1258985|doi-access = free}}</ref>