Editing Syndrome (section)

===Psychiatry and psychopathology===
Psychiatric syndromes often called ''psychopathological syndromes'' ([[psychopathology]] refers both to psychic dysfunctions occurring in [[mental disorders]], and the study of the origin, diagnosis, development, and treatment of mental disorders).{{cn|date=December 2021}}

In [[Russia]] those psychopathological syndromes are used in modern clinical practice and described in psychiatric literature in the details: [[Weakness|asthenic syndrome]], [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder|obsessive syndrome]], [[Mood disorder|emotional syndromes]] (for example, [[Mania|manic syndrome]], depressive syndrome), [[Cotard delusion|Cotard's syndrome]], [[Catatonia|catatonic syndrome]], hebephrenic syndrome, [[delusion]]al and [[Hallucination|hallucinatory]] syndromes (for example, paranoid syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, [[Victor Kandinsky|Kandinsky]]-[[Gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault|Clérambault's]] syndrome also known as syndrome of psychic automatism, hallucinosis), [[Paraphrenia|paraphrenic syndrome]], [[Personality disorders|psychopathic syndromes]] (includes all personality disorders), [[clouding of consciousness]] syndromes (for example, twilight clouding of consciousness, amential syndrome also known as amentia, [[Delirium|delirious syndrome]], stunned consciousness syndrome, [[oneiroid syndrome]]), hysteric syndrome, [[Neurosis|neurotic syndrome]], [[Korsakoff's syndrome]], [[Hypochondriasis|hypochondriacal syndrome]], paranoiac syndrome, senestopathic syndrome, [[Encephalopathy|encephalopathic syndrome]].<ref name="NationalManual">{{cite book |last1=Дмитриева |first1=Т. Б. |last2=Краснов |first2=В. Н. |last3=Незнанов |first3=Н. Г. |last4=Семке |first4= В. Я. |last5=Тиганов |first5=А. С. |date=2011 |title=Психиатрия: Национальное руководство |trans-title=Psychiatry: The National Manual |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZI45wX9GCcC |language=ru |location=[[Moscow]] |publisher=ГЭОТАР-Медиа |isbn=978-5-9704-2030-0 |pages=306–330}}</ref><ref name="Smetannikov">{{cite book |last=Сметанников |first=П. Г. |date=1995 |title=Психиатрия: Краткое руководство для врачей |trans-title=Psychiatry: A Brief Guide for Physicians |language=ru |location=[[Saint Petersburg]] |publisher=СПбМАПО |isbn=5-85077-025-9 |pages=86–119}}</ref>

Some examples of psychopathological syndromes used in modern Germany are [[psychoorganic syndrome]], depressive syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder|obsessive-compulsive syndrome]], autonomic syndrome, hostility syndrome, [[Mania|manic syndrome]], [[Apathy|apathy syndrome]].<ref>{{cite book |author=P. Pichot |title=Clinical Psychopathology Nomenclature and Classification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvkHCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4899-5049-9 |pages=157}}</ref>

[[Factitious disorder imposed on self|Münchausen syndrome]], [[Ganser syndrome]], [[neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome]], [[olfactory reference syndrome]] are also well-known.{{cn|date=December 2021}}

====History====
The most important psychopathological syndromes were classified into three groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist [[Emil Kraepelin]] (1856—1926). The first group, which includes the mild disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, [[Hysteria|hysterical]], [[Delirium|delirious]], and impulsive.<ref name="KraepelinForms">{{cite journal |last=Cole |first=S. J. |title=The Forms in which Insanity Expresses Itself [Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins]. (Arb. für Psychiat., München, Bd. ii, 1921.) Kraepelin, Emil |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |publisher=Royal College of Psychiatrists |volume=68 |issue=282 |date=1922 |issn=0007-1250 |doi=10.1192/bjp.68.282.295 |pages=296|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448724 }}</ref> The second, intermediate, group includes two syndromes: [[Schizophrenia|schizophrenic]] syndrome and [[Auditory hallucination|speech-hallucinatory syndrome]].<ref name="KraepelinForms"/> The third includes the most severe disorders, and consists of three syndromes: [[Epilepsy|epileptic]], [[Intellectual disability|oligophrenic]] and [[dementia]].<ref name="KraepelinForms"/> In Kraepelin's era, epilepsy was viewed as a mental illness; [[Karl Jaspers]] also considered "genuine epilepsy" a "[[psychosis]]", and described "the three major psychoses" as schizophrenia, epilepsy, and [[Bipolar disorder|manic-depressive illness]].<ref name="Jaspers-DSM">{{cite journal |author=Ghaemi S. N. |title=Nosologomania: DSM & Karl Jaspers' critique of Kraepelin. |journal=Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine |year=2009 |volume=4 |pages=10 |pmid=19627606 |doi=10.1186/1747-5341-4-10 |pmc=2724409 |doi-access=free }}</ref>