Editing Tangier (section)

=== Early modern ===
When the Portuguese started their [[Portuguese Empire|colonial expansion]] by [[Conquest of Ceuta|taking Ceuta]] in retribution for its piracy<ref name=huckleberry/> in 1415,<ref>B. W. Diffie, ''Prelude to Empire, Portugal Overseas before Henry the Navigator'', University of Nebraska Press, Ann Arbor, 1960, pp. 83–90.</ref> Tangier was always a major goal. They [[Battle of Tangier (1437)|failed to capture it in 1437]], 1458, and 1464,{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} but occupied it unopposed on 28 August 1471 after its garrison fled upon learning of the [[conquest of Asilah]].<ref name=eb>{{harvp|Elbl|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10]}}.</ref> As in Ceuta, they converted its chief mosque into the town's cathedral church; it was further embellished by several restorations during the town's occupation.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=650}} In addition to the cathedral, the Portuguese raised European-style houses and [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] chapels and monasteries.<ref name=huckleberry/> The [[Wattasids]] assaulted Tangier in 1508, 1511, and 1515 but without success. In the 17th century, it passed with the rest of Portugal's domains into [[Spanish Empire|Spanish control]] as part of the [[Iberian Union|personal union of the crowns]]{{sfnp|''Cath. Enc.''|1913}} but maintained its Portuguese garrison and administration.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}}

[[File:1680s - J. Oliver - Tangier.jpg|thumb|Tangier in the 17th century]]
Iberian rule lasted until 1661,<ref name=huckleberry/> when it was given to [[Kingdom of England|England]]'s [[Charles II of England|King Charles{{nbsp}}II]] as part of the [[dowry]] of the Portuguese [[infanta]] [[Catherine of Braganza]].<ref>Winston S. Churchill, ''Marlborough: His Life and Times, Book I'' (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1933) p. 35.</ref> A squadron under the admiral and ambassador [[Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich|Edward Montagu]] arrived in November. [[English Tangier]], fully occupied in January 1662,{{sfnp|Elbl|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} was praised by Charles as "a jewell of immense value in the royal [[diadem]]"<ref name=huckleberry/> despite the departing Portuguese taking away everything they could, even{{mdash}}according to the official report{{mdash}}"the very fflowers, the Windowes and the Dores".{{sfnp|Elbl|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12–13]}} Tangier received a [[Tangier Garrison|garrison]] and a charter which made it equal to other English towns, but the religious orders were expropriated, the Portuguese residents nearly entirely left, and the town's [[Judaism in Morocco|Jews]] were driven out owing to fears concerning their loyalty.{{sfnp|Finlayson|1992|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z69sBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 26–27]}} Meanwhile, the [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)#Titles|Tangier Regiment]] were almost constantly under attack by locals who considered themselves ''[[mujahideen]]'' fighting a [[jihad|holy war]].{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} Their principal leader was [[Khadir Ghaïlan]] (known to the English as "Gayland" or "Guyland") of the Banu Gurfat, whom the [[Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough|Earl of Peterborough]] attempted to buy off.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} Ultimately, the truce lasted only for part of 1663 and 1664; on May 4 of the latter year, the [[Andrew Rutherford, 1st Earl of Teviot|Earl of Teviot]] and around 470 members of the garrison [[Battle of Tangier (1664)|were killed in an ambush]] beside Jew's Hill.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} [[John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse|Lord Belasyse]] happened to secure a longer-lasting treaty in 1666:<ref>{{citation |title=Articles of Peace Concluded and Agreed between His Excellency the Lord Bellasyse, His Majesties Governour of His City and Garrison of Tangier in Affrica, &c. and Cidi Hamlet Hader Ben Ali Gayland, Prince of VVest-Barbary, &c. |date=2 April 1666 |location=London }}.</ref> Khadir Ghaïlan hoped to support a pretender against the new [[Alaouite dynasty|Alawid]] sultan [[Al-Rashid of Morocco|Al-Rashid]] and things subsequently went so badly for him that he was obliged to abide by its terms until his death in 1673.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}}

The English took advantage of the respite to improve greatly the Portuguese defences.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=651}} They also planned to improve the harbour by building a [[Mole (architecture)|mole]], which would have allowed it to play the same role that Gibraltar later played in British naval strategy. Incompetence, waste and outright fraud and embezzlement caused costs to swell; among those enriched was [[Samuel Pepys]].<ref>{{citation |last=Lincoln |first=Margarette |contribution=Samuel Pepys and Tangier, 1662–1684 |title=Huntington Library Quarterly |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=417–434 |date=2014 |doi=10.1525/hlq.2014.77.4.417 }}.</ref> The mole cost [[GBP|£]]340,000 and reached {{convert|1436|ft|m|abbr=on}} long before its destruction.{{sfnp|Routh|1912}}{{sfnp|Elbl|2009}}{{sfnp|Elbl|2013|loc=Ch. 8}} Although funding was found for the fortifications, the garrison's pay was delayed until in December 1677 it was 2{{frac|1|4}} years in arrears; [[Palmes Fairborne|Governor Fairborne]] dealt with the ensuing [[mutiny]] by seizing one of the soldier's [[musket]]s and killing him with it on the spot.

A [[Great Siege of Tangier|determined siege]] by [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Sultan Moulay Ismail]] of Morocco between 1678 and 1680 was unsuccessful,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bejjit |first=Karim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7K1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |title=English Colonial Texts on Tangier, 1661–1684: Imperialism and the Politics of Resistance |publisher=Ashgate |year=2015 |pages=33–36 |isbn=978-1-317-14314-7 |language=en}}</ref> but longstanding exasperation with the colony's finances<ref name="finn" /> and the difficulties caused by the siege<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0521337674 |location=Cambridge |pages=232–233 |language=en}}</ref> pushed Parliament to write off the effort in 1680.<ref name="finn">{{harvp|Finlayson|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z69sBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28]}}.</ref> At the time, Tangier's population consisted of only about 700 apart from the thousand-man garrison; [[Percy Kirke|Governor Kirke]] estimated 400 of them had suffered [[gonorrhea]] from the same "mighty pretty" sex worker.<ref name="finn" /> Forces under [[George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth|Lord Dartmouth]] (including [[Samuel Pepys]]) methodically destroyed the town and its port facilities for five months prior to Morocco's occupation of the city on 7 February 1684.{{sfnp|Elbl|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 13–14]}}

Ali ibn Abdallah and his son Ahmed ibn Ali served in turn as the town's governors until 1743, repopulating it with populace from the surrounding countryside.{{sfnp|Finlayson|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z69sBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31]}} They were powerful enough to oppose [[Abdallah of Morocco|Sultan Abdallah]] through his various reigns, giving support and asylum to his various rivals within and without the royal family.{{sfnp|Lévi-Provençal|1936|p=652}}

The city was attacked by Spain in 1790.{{sfnp|''Encyclopædia Britannica''|1888}}