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Tap and die
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===Machine tapping=== Tapping may either be achieved by a hand tapping by using a set of taps (first tap, second tap & final (finish) tap) or using a machine to do the tapping, such as a [[lathe]], radial [[drill]]ing machine, bench type drill machine, pillar type drill machine, vertical milling machines, HMCs, VMCs. Machine tapping is faster, and generally more accurate because human error is eliminated. Final tapping is achieved with single tap. Although in general machine tapping is more accurate, tapping operations have traditionally been very tricky to execute due to frequent tap breakage and inconsistent quality of tapping. Common reasons for tap breakage are: * Tap-related problems: ** Wearing of tap cannot be easily quantified (use of worn-out taps) ** Use of tap with improper tap geometry for a particular application. ** Use of non-standard or inferior quality taps. * Clogging with [[swarf|chips]]. * Misalignment between tap and hole. * Over- or under-feeding the tap, causing breakage in tension or compression. * Use of improper and/or insufficient cutting lubricant. * Absence of a torque limiting feature. * Improper or zero float for use with screw machines (recommended feed .1 slower to establish float for 40 tpi or higher and .15 slower for 40 tpi or finer<ref>Brown & Sharpe: Cam & Tool Design, p.11-12</ref>) * Improper spindle speed. To overcome these problems, special tool holders are required to minimize the chances of tap breakage during tapping. These are usually classified as conventional tool holders and CNC tool holders.
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