Editing Tokyo (section)

===1868–1941===
{{Main|Tokyo City|Tokyo Prefecture (1868–1943)}}{{Multiple image
| image1            = 1cho london2.jpg
| caption1          = [[Marunouchi]] in 1909
| image2            = Tokyo special product crowded tram.jpg
| caption2          = Tokyo citizens trying to squeeze into a crowded [[Tokyo Toden|tram]], {{circa}} 1910
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
}}

After the overthrow of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], for the first time in a few centuries, the Emperor ceased to be a mere figurehead and became both the ''de facto'' and ''de jure'' ruler of the country. [[Maejima Hisoka|Hisoka Maejima]] advocated for the relocation of the capital functions to Tokyo, recognizing the advantages of the existing infrastructure and the vastness of the [[Kantō Plain|Kanto Plain]] compared to the relatively small [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto basin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Hisoka Maejima? The Father of Japan's Postal System {{!}} MailMate |url=https://mailmate.jp/blog/hisoka-maejima-japan-postal-system |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=mailmate.jp |archive-date=May 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517165909/https://mailmate.jp/blog/hisoka-maejima-japan-postal-system |url-status=live }}</ref> After being handed over to the Meiji government, Edo was renamed '''Tokyo''' (Eastern Capital) on 3 September 1868. [[Emperor Meiji]] visited the city once at the end of that year and eventually moved there in 1869. Tokyo had already been the nation's political center for nearly three centuries,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview01.htm |title=History of Tokyo |access-date=October 17, 2007 |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012051150/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview01.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2007 }}</ref> and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]].
Government ministries such as the [[Ministry of Finance (Japan)|Ministry of Finance]] were also relocated to Tokyo by 1871,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2：官庁街となった大手町 ～ 丸の内・大手町 {{!}} このまちアーカイブス {{!}} 不動産購入・不動産売却なら三井住友トラスト不動産 |url=https://smtrc.jp/town-archives/city/marunouchi/p02.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=smtrc.jp |language=ja |archive-date=October 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008150417/https://smtrc.jp/town-archives/city/marunouchi/p02.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[History of rail transport in Japan#Stage 1: early development, 1872–1906|first railway line in the country]] was opened on 14 October 1872, connecting [[Shinbashi|Shimbashi]] ([[Shiodome]]) and [[Yokohama]] ([[Sakuragichō Station|Sakuragicho]]), which is now part of the [[Tōkaidō Main Line|Tokaido line]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hornyak |first=Tim |date=2022-10-10 |title=Empire of steel: Where Japan's railways stand after 150 years of evolution |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/10/10/national/history/japan-railways-150-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=The Japan Times |language=en |archive-date=April 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407091139/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/10/10/national/history/japan-railways-150-anniversary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1870s saw the establishment of other institutions and facilities that now symbolize Tokyo, such as [[Ueno Park]] (1873), the [[University of Tokyo]] (1877) and the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] (1878). The rapid modernization of the country was driven from Tokyo, with its business districts such as [[Marunouchi]] filled with modern brick buildings and the railway network serving as a means to help the large influx of labour force needed to keep the development of the economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=第3章 一丁ロンドンの誕生──コンドルの時代{{pipe}}130TH ANNIVERSARY{{pipe}}株式会社三菱地所設計 |url=https://www.mjd.co.jp/130th/mukashiima03.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.mjd.co.jp}}</ref> The [[Tokyo City|City of Tokyo]] was officially established on May 1, 1889. The [[National Diet|Imperial Diet]], the national legislature of the country, was established in Tokyo in 1889, and it has ever since been operating in the city.
[[File:Metropolitan Police Office after Kanto Earthquake.jpg|thumb|The [[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department|Metropolitan Police]] headquarters on fire following the earthquake. The fire triggered by the earthquake caused [[Fire whirl|fire whirls]].]]
On 1 September 1923, the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake|Great Kanto Earthquake]] struck the city, and the earthquake and subsequent fire killed an estimated 105,000 citizens. The loss amounted to 37 percent of the country's economic output.<ref>{{Cite web |title=「関東大震災100年」 特設ページ : 防災情報のページ - 内閣府 |url=https://www.bousai.go.jp/kantou100/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.bousai.go.jp |archive-date=May 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519221244/https://www.bousai.go.jp/kantou100/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, the destruction provided an opportunity to reconsider the planning of the city, which had changed its shape hastily after the [[Meiji Restoration]]. The high survival rate of concrete buildings promoted the transition from timber and brick architecture to modern, earthquake-proof construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=日本人による近代建築、耐震基準の最先端に 関東大震災の教訓②{{pipe}}これからの100年{{pipe}}くらし×防災メディア「防災ニッポン」読売新聞 |url=https://www.bosai.yomiuri.co.jp/after100years/10985 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=くらし×防災メディア「防災ニッポン」読売新聞 |language=ja |archive-date=May 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517165909/https://www.bosai.yomiuri.co.jp/after100years/10985 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1421140/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923|title=Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=October 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182553/http://www.britannica.com/event/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923|archive-date=June 26, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Tokyo Metro Ginza Line]] portion between {{STN|Ueno|x}} and {{STN|Asakusa|x|Tokyo Metro, Toei, Tobu}}, the first underground railway line built outside Europe and the American continents, was completed on December 30, 1927.<ref name="90th-2017">{{cite news |last=Hornyak |first=Tim |date=December 16, 2017 |title=Heart of gold: The Ginza Line celebrates its 90th birthday |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/16/national/history/heart-gold-ginza-line-celebrates-90th-birthday/ |work=[[Japan Times]] |access-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209071447/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/16/national/history/heart-gold-ginza-line-celebrates-90th-birthday/ |archive-date=December 9, 2020}}</ref>
Although Tokyo recovered robustly from the earthquake and new cultural and liberal political movements, such as [[Taishō Democracy]], spread, the 1930s saw an economic downturn caused by the [[Great Depression]] and major political turmoil. Two attempted military ''coups d'état'' happened in Tokyo, the [[May 15 incident]] in 1932 and the [[February 26 incident]] in 1936. This turmoil eventually allowed the military wings of the government to take control of the country, leading to Japan joining the [[World War II|Second World War]] as an [[Axis powers|Axis power]]. Due to the country's political isolation on the international stage caused by its [[Second Sino-Japanese War|military aggression in China]] and the increasingly unstable geopolitical situations in Europe, Тоkуо had to give up hosting the [[1940 Summer Olympics]] in 1938.<ref>Organizing Committee of the XIIth Olympiad. (1940). [http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1940/OR1940.pdf#page=198 ''Report of the Organizing Committee on its Work for the XIIth Olympic Games of 1940 in Tokyo until its Relinquishment,'' pp. 174–175 (PDF 198–199 of 207)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626081911/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1940/OR1940.pdf#page=198 |date=June 26, 2008 }}; retrieved 2012-2-21.</ref> [[Rationing]] started in June 1940 as the nation braced itself for another world war, while the 26th Centenary of the Enthronement of [[Emperor Jimmu]] celebrations took place on a grand scale to boost morale and increase the sense of national identity in the same year. On 8 December 1941, [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Japan attacked the American bases at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii]], entering the Second World War against the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]]. The wartime regime greatly affected life in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100年前の関東大震災が東京の「戦時体制」を加速させた...東京大空襲に至る防災と防空の歴史：東京新聞 TOKYO Web |url=https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/235648 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=東京新聞 TOKYO Web |language=ja}}</ref>