Editing Traffic calming (section)

=== Enforcement and education measures ===
Enforcement and education measures for traffic calming include:
* Reducing speed limits near institutions such as [[school zone|schools]] and hospitals (see below)
* [[Vehicle activated sign|Vehicle activated signs]] and [[Radar speed sign|radar speed feedback signs]], signs which react with a message if they detect a vehicle exceeding a pre-determined speed.
* [[Embedded pavement flashing-light system]]s which react to pedestrian presence at crossings to signal drivers and increase awareness.
* [[Watchman camera|Watchman]], traffic calming system

==== Speed limits ====
{{main|Speed limit}}
Speed reduction has traditionally been attempted by the introduction of statutory [[speed limit]]s.  Traffic speeds of 30&nbsp;km/h (20&nbsp;mph) and lower are said to be more desirable on urban roads with mixed traffic.<ref>Speed reduction, traffic calming or cycling facilities: a question of what best achieves the goals?, Michael Yeates, Convenor, Cyclists Urban Speed limit Taskforce, Bicycle Federation of Australia, Velomondial Conference Proceedings, Amsterdam 2000</ref>  The Austrian city of [[Graz]], which has achieved steady growth in cycling, has applied 30&nbsp;km/h limits to 75% its streets since 1994.<ref>The Graz traffic calming model and its consequences for cyclists, Manfred Hoenig, Department of transportation, City Council Graz, Velomondial Conference Proceedings, Amsterdam 2000</ref>  Zones where speeds are set at [[20 mph zone|30 km/h]] (or 20&nbsp;mph) are preferred by some<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.streetfilms.org/no-need-for-speed-20s-plenty-for-us/ |title=No Need for Speed: 20s Plenty for Us |publisher=Streetfilms |date=30 August 2010 |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-date=14 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614093436/http://www.streetfilms.org/no-need-for-speed-20s-plenty-for-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as they are found to be effective at reducing crashes and increasing community cohesion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walk21.com/papers/Josua_Hart.pdf |title=Driven To Excess: A Study of Motor Vehicle Impacts on Three Streets in Bristol UK |first=Joshua|last=Hart|access-date=2011-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002544/http://www.walk21.com/papers/Josua_Hart.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Speed limits which are set below [[85th percentile speed|the speed that most motorists perceive to be reasonable]] for the given road require additional measures to improve compliance.  Attempts to improve speed limit observance are usually by either education, enforcement or road engineering. "Education" can mean [[Public service announcement|publicity campaigns]] or targeted road user training.

[[Speed limit enforcement]] techniques include: direct police action, automated systems such as [[speed camera]]s or [[vehicle activated sign]]s or traffic lights triggered by traffic exceeding a preset speed threshold. One cycling expert argues for placing direct restrictions on motor-vehicle speed and acceleration performance.<ref>[http://www.camcycle.org.uk/campaigning/talks/agm1999/ Enabling and encouraging people to cycle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122043029/http://www.camcycle.org.uk/campaigning/talks/agm1999/ |date=22 November 2008 }}, John Franklin, Paper presented to the Cambridge Cycling Campaign AGM, 5 October 1999</ref>  An EU report on promoting walking and cycling specifies as one of its top measures comprehensive camera-based speed control using mainly movable equipment at unexpected spots.<ref>How to enhance WALking and CYcliNG instead of shorter car trips and to make these modes safer, Deliverable D6 WALCYNG Contract No: UR-96-SC.099, Department of Traffic Planning and Engineering, University of Lund, Sweden 1999</ref>  The [[Netherlands]] has an estimated 1,500 speed/red-light camera installations and has set a target for 30&nbsp;km/h limits on 70% of urban roads.  The UK has more than 6,000 speed cameras, which took more than [[£]]100 million in fines in 2006/07.<ref>{{cite news |title=Speed cameras collect over £100m in fines |author=Gary Cleland |date=14 March 2008 |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/14/nspeed114.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316074842/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/14/nspeed114.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 March 2008 |access-date=18 March 2008}}</ref>