Editing Transphobia (section)

===Harassment and violence===
{{main|Violence against transgender people}}

The [[Social stigma|stigma]] against [[transgender]] people often results in physical violence or bodily harm, sexual violence or assault, and verbal or emotional abuse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weir |first1=Cassandra |last2=Piquette |first2=Noëlla| date=2018| title=Counselling transgender individuals: Issues and considerations.|journal=Canadian Psychology |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=252–261 |doi=10.1037/cap0000129|s2cid=149607596|issn=1878-7304}}</ref> Transgender individuals are at increased risk for experiencing aggression and violence throughout their life when compared to cisgender individuals, especially when it comes to sexual violence.<ref name="Stotzer 2009 170–179">{{Cite journal |last=Stotzer |first=Rebecca L. |date=2009 |title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|issue=3|pages=170–179|doi=10.1016/j.avb.2009.01.006|issn=1359-1789}}</ref>  Other kinds of abuse include [[bullying]], [[harassment]], and multiple forms of [[discrimination]].<ref name="McKay 2017 665–678">{{Cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=Tasseli |last2=Lindquist |first2=Christine H. |last3=Misra |first3=Shilpi |date=2017 |title=Understanding (and Acting On) 20 Years of Research on Violence and LGBTQ + Communities| journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse| volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=665–678 |doi=10.1177/1524838017728708| pmid=29334007 |s2cid=43156503 |issn=1524-8380}}</ref> Abuse against transgender people can come from many different sources, including family and friends, partners, co-workers and acquaintances, strangers, and the police, and the abuse can occur at each developmental stage in life.<ref name="Stotzer 2009 170–179"/>

As homophobia and transphobia are correlated, many trans people experience homophobia and [[heterosexism]] due to people who associate trans people's gender identity with [[homosexuality]], or because trans people may also have a [[sexual orientation]] that is [[non-heterosexual]].<ref name="Adams"/><ref name="Lives" /><ref name="Spijkerboer"/> Author {{ill|Thomas Spijkerboer|qid=Q60690258}} stated that "transgender people subjected to violence, in a range of cultural contexts, frequently report that transphobic violence is expressed in homophobic terms."<ref name="Spijkerboer"/>

According to the [[American Psychological Association]], transgender children are more likely than other children to experience harassment and violence in school, foster care, residential treatment centers, homeless centers, and juvenile justice programs.<ref name="Cisgenderism">{{Cite journal |title= Cisgenderism in psychology: pathologising and misgendering children from 1999 to 2008 |year= 2011 |url= http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/72252/2/YGA%20%26%20PH%202011%20Cisgenderism.pdf |last1= Ansara |first2=Peter |last2=Hegarty |first1= Y. Gavriel |journal= Psychology & Sexuality |access-date= 20 September 2013 |doi = 10.1080/19419899.2011.576696 |volume=3 |issue= 2 |pages=137–160 |s2cid= 10589506}}</ref> Researchers say trans youth routinely experience taunting, teasing and bullying at school, and that nearly all trans youth say they were verbally or physically harassed in school, particularly during gym class, at school events, or when using single-sex restrooms. Three-quarters report having felt unsafe.<ref name="Handbook of"/>

As adults, transgender people are frequently subjected to ridicule, taunting, and threats of violence, even when just walking down the street or walking into a store.<ref name="Girshick-2008">{{Cite book |last=Girshick |first=Lori B. |url=https://archive.org/details/transgendervoice0000girs_p6i7/page/133/mode/2up |title=Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men |publisher=University Press of New England |year=2008 |isbn=978-1584658382 |location=Hanover and London |pages=133–144 |url-access=registration}}</ref> A U.S. survey of 402 older, employed, high-income transgender people found that 60% reported violence or harassment because of their gender identity. Among other things, 56% of the respondents reported being harassed or verbally abused, 30% reported being assaulted, and 8% reported unjustified arrest.<ref name="Lives">{{Cite book|title = The Lives of Transgender People|last = Beemyn|first = Genny|publisher = Columbia University Press |year= 2011 |isbn= 978-0231143073 |location= New York |pages= 91}}</ref>

A study of 81 transgender people in [[Philadelphia]] found that 30% of the respondents reported feeling unsafe in public because they were transgender, with 19% feeling uncomfortable for the same reason. When asked if they had ever been forced to have sex, experienced violence in their home, or been physically abused, the majority answered yes to each question.<ref name="Bockting-2006">{{Cite book|title = Transgender Health and HIV Prevention: Needs Assessment Studies from Transgender Communities Across the United States|last = Bockting|first = Walter O.|publisher = CRC Press|year = 2006|isbn = 978-0789030153|pages = 41–53}}</ref>

==== Sexual violence ====
In 2009, researcher Rebecca L. Stotzer published an article in ''[[Aggression and Violent Behavior]]'' that compiled information from numerous studies reporting violence against transgender people, describing it as "shockingly common" and noting that transgender people have a high risk of experiencing sexual violence throughout their lifetimes, and while reported rates vary considerably among studies for methodological and other reasons, the most common finding is that around 50% of transgender people have been sexually assaulted.<ref name="Stotzer-2009">{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=14|issue=3|pages=170–179|doi=10.1016/j.avb.2009.01.006|year=2009}}</ref>

A meta-analysis on the rates of intimate partner violence found that transgender individuals are 66% more likely to experience violence of some kind from an intimate partner than cisgender subjects, and more than twice as likely to experience both sexual and physical intimate partner violence than their cisgender peers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peitzmeier|first1=Sarah M|last2=Malik|first2=Mannat|last3=Kattari|first3=Shanna K|last4=Marrow|first4=Elliot|last5=Stephenson|first5=Rob|last6=Agénor|first6=Madina|last7=Reisner|first7=Sari L|date=Sep 2020|title=Intimate Partner Violence in Transgender Populations: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence and Correlates. |journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=110|issue=9|pages=pe1–e14|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2020.305774|pmid=32673114|pmc=7427218}}</ref>

==== Physical violence ====
Perpetrators of physical violence against transgender people are reported to have been influenced by negative attitudes against transgender people, many of whom do not report their assault to the police.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Xavier|first=Jessica|title=A needs assessment of transgendered people of color living in Washington, D.C. |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism|pages=31–47}}</ref>  In the United States, the available homicide data suggests that transgender people are murdered at a lower rate than cisgender people. However, young Black and Latina trans women appear to be at greater risk of homicide than their cisgender peers.<ref name="Dinno-2017" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stotzer|first=Rebecca L.|date=September 2017|title=Data Sources Hinder Our Understanding of Transgender Murders|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=107|issue=9|pages=1362–1363|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2017.303973|issn=0090-0036|pmc=5551619|pmid=28787204}}</ref>