Editing Transport in Russia (section)

==Roads and highways==
{{see also|List of motorways in Russia}}
As of 2006 Russia had 933,000&nbsp;km of roads, of which 755,000 were paved.<ref name="gks1">[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_11/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d02/18-09.htm Rosstat statistics on length of roads] Retrieved on 10 June 2009</ref> Some of these make up the [[Russian federal motorways|Russian federal motorway]] system. With a large land area the road density is the lowest of all the [[G8]] and [[BRIC (economics term)|BRIC]] countries as of 2009.<ref name="transtatsrus">{{cite web|url=http://www.iraptranstats.net/rus|title=Transport in Russia|access-date=17 February 2009|work=International Transport Statistics Database|publisher=[[international Road Assessment Programme|iRAP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417001324/http://www.iraptranstats.net/rus|archive-date=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The state of Russia's road system ranks 136th out of 144 countries evaluated. [[Rustam Minnikhanov]], the president of Tatarstan and head of the State Council working group on roads, told the Novosibirsk meeting that 53 percent of federal highways and 63 percent of regional ones are substandard and that the situation is growing worse: Every year, the number of cars in Russia rises by six percent, but the highway system expands only 2200 kilometers. The Kremlin leader blamed this on corruption, the lack of oversight, and the failure to update standards set 30 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interpretermag.com/bad-roads-a-domestic-russian-problem-so-bad-putin-cant-ignore-but-cant-fix|access-date=June 4, 2017|publisher=interpretermag.com|title=Bad Roads – A Domestic Russian Problem So Bad Putin Can't Ignore but Can't Fix}}</ref> According to the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] the road network expanded by 504,000 kilometers between 2003 and 2015, though this is largely due to the registration of previously ownerless roads.<ref name="nomaneco">{{cite news|title=In Translation: No Man's Economy|url=https://bearmarketbrief.com/2017/07/25/in-translation-no-mans-economy/|work=Bear Market Blog|date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

===Road safety===
[[File:Road deaths in Russia, 2004-2016.png|thumb|Road deaths in Russia, 2004-2016]]
{{see also|ARCAP}}
Road safety in Russia is poor, with a road accident rate higher than in Europe or the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia cuts its traffic deaths with tough fines —and upbeat ads|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-05-02/make-its-roads-safer-russia-sends-positive-message|website=Public Radio International|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> In 2011, Russia was 4th by number of absolute recorded road deaths.<ref>{{cite news|title=The world's most dangerous roads - get the data|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/may/11/most-dangerous-roads#data|access-date=22 March 2017|work=the Guardian|date=11 May 2011}}</ref> Increasingly harsher penalties for traffic violations were imposed after 2008, but the level of corruption among traffic law enforcement authorities limits their effectiveness in reducing the number of accidents.<ref name="cotr">{{cite journal|last1=Oleinik|first1=Anton|title=Corruption on the road: A case study of Russian traffic police|journal=IATSS Research|volume=40|pages=19–25|doi=10.1016/j.iatssr.2015.12.001|date=1 July 2016|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Dashcam]]s are widespread, inasmuch as Russian courts prefer video evidence to [[eyewitness testimony]], but also as a guard against [[police corruption]] and [[insurance fraud]].<ref name=wired>{{cite magazine
 | author = Damon Lavring
 | title = Why Almost Everyone in Russia Has a Dash Cam
 | magazine = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
 | date = 15 February 2013
 | url = https://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/02/russian-dash-cams/
| author-link = Damon Lavring
 }}</ref>

===Fleet===
{{see also|Automotive industry in the Soviet Union|Automotive industry in Russia}}
[[File:2008 M3 Russian Highway "Ukraine".jpg|thumb|[[M3 highway (Russia)|M3 Highway]]]]
[[File:КАД Санкт-Петербург.jpg|thumb|right|[[Western Rapid Diameter|Western High-Speed Diameter]] road in [[St. Petersburg]]]]
[[File:Usol_trambuild1.jpg|right|thumb|A typical road in a Russian town]]
[[File:Nishnytagil-trainstation-20070128.jpg|right|thumb|Marshrutkas parked at [[Nizhny Tagil]] railway station's parking lot during winter]]
[[File:Belgorod bus 09.jpg|thumb|[[LiAZ]] buses are the most common city buses in Russia]]
After [[World War II]], trucks and buses were manufactured for the socialist countries of Eastern Europe: [[Ikarbus|Ikarus]] urban, intercity and tourist buses, Skoda buses and trucks, [[Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde]] and [[Robur (truck)|Robur]] trucks, [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]], [[LIAZ (Czech Republic)|LIAZ]], [[Praga (company)|Praga V3S]], [[Csepel (automobile)|Csepel]], [[Avia Motors|Avia]] and [[ZSD Nysa]] passenger vans and [[FSC Żuk|Zuk]] cargo vans). During the late 1950s [[ÖAF|OAF]] trucks were imported from the West, and [[Berliet|Berliet T60]] dump trucks were imported in 1969 to open the mine and ore-processing plant of Ai in the [[Orenburg Oblast]]. Tractors from [[Volvo Trucks|Volvo]] and [[Mercedes-Benz NG]] were imported during the 1970s for the road-transport organization Sovtransavto. [[Unic|Unic-Fiat]] tractors were imported in the mid-1970s for the port of [[Leningrad]], and [[Unit Rig]] and [[International Harvester Paystar]] dump trucks and cement mixers were used for the construction of irrigation canals from 1979 to 1983. Fawn [[ballast tractor]]s were imported from 1970 to the 1980s, and [[Komatsu Limited|Komatsu]] dump trucks began to be imported in 1979. [[Magirus]] bonneted flatbed trucks and dump trucks were used in 1975 for the construction of the [[Baikal–Amur Mainline]] (BAM).

By the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]], priority was given to smaller cars (such as the [[Mercedes-Benz W116|Mercedes-Benz S-Class W116]]) as police cars, taxis and vans. However, most vehicles were Soviet-made cars: [[Moskvitch]], [[GAZ-M20 Pobeda]], [[GAZ]], [[ZiL]], [[VAZ]], [[Izhevsk Mechanical Plant|Izh]] and [[ZAZ]] automobiles, [[UAZ]] and [[LuAZ]] jeeps, [[Riga Autobus Factory|RAF]] and [[ErAZ]] vans, [[GAZ]], [[Kamaz]], [[ZiL]], [[Minsk Automobile Plant|MAZ]], [[KrAZ]], [[UralAZ]], [[BelAZ]] and [[Kutaisi Auto Mechanical Plant|KAZ]] (Colkhides) trucks, [[KAvZ]], [[Pavlovo Bus Factory|PAZ]], [[LiAZ (Russia)|LiAZ]] and [[Lviv Bus Factory|LAZ]] buses and [[Trolza|ZiU]] [[trolleybus]]es.

In 1988, the free sale of trucks and buses was permitted. Since the 1990s, many new and used cars have been imported. During the 2000s, foreign companies began to build factories in Russia or enter into agreements with existing assembly plants.

Currently, [[European Russia|European]] and [[North Asia|Asian parts of Russia]] have different fleets. European Russia primarily contains Russian, European, Japanese, American, and Chinese cars and trucks; the Asian side contains used vehicles from the [[Japanese domestic market]], concentrated in [[Vladivostok]]. The largest share of Russian auto brands is in the [[North Caucasus]] regions of [[Dagestan]] and [[Chechnya]].

[[GAZelle]] ''[[marshrutka]]s'' and [[Ford Transit]], [[Peugeot Boxer]], [[Fiat Ducato]], [[Renault Master]], [[Iveco Daily]], [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] and [[Volkswagen Crafter]] vans and Russian ([[Pavlovo Bus Factory|PAZ]]), Ukrainian ([[Bogdan (bus)|Bogdan]], South Korean ([[Hyundai County]]) and Chinese ([[BAW]]) minibuses, painted in one color, are used as [[share taxi]]s. City buses are primarily the Russian ([[Pavlovo Bus Factory|PAZ]], [[KAvZ]], [[LiAZ (Russia)|LiAZ]], [[MARZ]], [[Neftekamsk Automotive Plant|NefAZ]], [[Volzhanin]]) and Belarusian [[Minsk Automobile Plant|MAZ]]. European buses are used in Vladivostok (51 [[MAN Lion's City|MAN A78 Lion's City LE]] buses, Moscow (one [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-Benz Turk O345 Connecto LF]], four [[Ikarus Bus|Ikarus 435]], 71 [[Scania OmniLink]] assembled in Russia and one [[MAN Lion's City|MAN A23 Lion's City GL]]), Kolomna (16 [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-Benz Turk O345 Connecto H]] and one Mercedes-Benz Türk O345 Conecto LF) and St. Petersburg (16 [[MAN Lion's City|MAN Lion's Classic]] and 52 buses [[Scania OmniLink]] buses). Other cities run new Chinese and used German, Swedish, Finnish, and Dutch buses. In July 2014, Prime Minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] issued a decree banning foreign technical purchases (including public transport) for state and municipal needs.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} Intercity buses are Chinese, Korean, and Russian and large companies are buying European buses.

[[Grey market]] vehicles, such as the [[Ford Mustang]], [[Lincoln Town Car]], [[Ford F-Series]], [[Dodge Viper]], [[Toyota Sienna]], [[Toyota 4Runner]], [[Acura]], [[Toyota Highlander]], [[Toyota Venza]], [[Infiniti]], [[Chevrolet Corvette]] and [[Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]], are sold by special dealers. Grey-market US trucks include [[Freightliner Trucks|Freightliner]], [[Navistar International|International]], [[Peterbilt]] and [[Volvo Trucks|Volvo]]. In late 2013 International began selling a Russian version of the [[International ProStar]] tractor, and sales of [[Western Star Trucks|Western Star 6900XD]] dump trucks were scheduled to begin in 2014.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=26 |Vehicle availability (end of year, in thousands)<ref name="gks.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b13_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d3/17-18.htm|script-title=ru:НАЛИЧИЕ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ|website=Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation|language=ru|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref>[https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Nalichie_TS.xlsx]
|-
| || 1990 || 2000 || 2001 || 2002 || 2003 || 2004 || 2005 || 2006 || 2007 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2012 || 2013 || 2014 || 2015 || 2016 || 2017 || 2018 || 2019 || 2020 || 2021 || 2022 || 2023
|-
| Trucks (total, including pickups and cargo vans) - total || 2744 || 4401 || 4 482 || 4 625 || 4 669 || 4 770 || 4 848 || 4 929 || 5 168 || 5 349 || 5 323 || 5 414 || 5 545 || 5 751 || 6 047 || 6 238 || 6 230 || 6 300 || 6 434 || 6 490 || 6 540 || 6 564 || 6 664 || 6 673 || 6 796

|-
| Owned by companies<ref group=note>For 1990 by road-transport companies, since 2000 by all companies</ref> || 331 || 1387 || 1 311 || 1 216 || 1 110 || 1 015 || 944 || 881 || 830 || 754 || 712 || 683 || 660 || 664 || 665 || 668 || 644 || 570 || 537 || 526 || 527 || 559 || 567 || 567 || 582
|-
| Owned by individuals || 4 || 1568 || 1 698 || 1 921 || 1 996 || 2 152 || 2 300 || 2 440 || 2 627 || 2 818 || 2 857 || 2 950 || 3 097 || 3 273 || 3 545 || 3 777 || 3 789 || 3 841 || 3 926 || 4 016 || 4 039 || 3 988 || 3 963 || 3 909 || 3 891
|-
| Public buses<ref group=note>2000-2010, excludes small businesses; since 2011 owned and leased</ref> || 153 || 109 || 107 || 101 || 93 || 86 || 79 || 72 || 69 || 64 || 65 || 158 || 166 || 170 || 166 || 166 || 174 || 171 || 170 || 166 || 166 || 159 || 144 || 138 || 136
|-
| Automobiles (total)|| 8964 || 20 353 || 21 232 || 22 468 || 23 383 || 24 208 || 25 570 || 26 794 || 29 405 || 32 021 || 33 084 || 34 354 || 36 415 || 38 792 || 41 420 || 43 417 || 44 253 || 45 163 || 46 887 || 47 425 || 48 430 || 49 259 || 50 304 || 50 609 || 51 554
|-
| Owned by individuals || 8677 || 19 097 || 19 984 || 21 135 || 22 082 || 22 854 || 24 125 || 25 282 || 27 755 || 30 300 || 31 341 || 32 629 || 34 624 || 36 917 || 39 237 || 41 433 || 42 317 || 43 157 || 44 792 || 45 377 || 46 292 || 46 926 || 47 689 || 47 868 || 48 534
|-
| Trolleybuses || 13.8 || 12.2 || 12.1 || 11.9 || 11.8 || 11.6 || 11.4 || 11.3 || 11.2 || 11.2 || 11.0 || 11.1 || 11.0 || 11.0 || 10.7 || 10.7 || 10.2 || 9.7 || 9.4 || 9.0 || 8.7 || 8.0 || 7.9 || 7.6 || 7.7
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}

According to the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]], in 2013 the number of individually-owned cars per 1,000 of population was 304.1 in the [[Ural Federal District]], 312.6 in [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]], 202.5 in the [[North-West Federal District]], 345.3 in [[Pskov region|Pskov oblast]], 298.5 in the [[Far Eastern Federal District]], 484.8 in [[Kamchatka Krai]], 284.6 in the [[Central Federal District]], 340.5 in the [[Belgorod Oblast]], 274.3 in the [[Southern Federal District]] (289.5 in [[Krasnodar Krai]]), 261.8 in the [[Siberian Federal District]] (292.5 in the [[Republic of Khakassia]] and [[Novosibirsk Oblast]]), 258 in the [[Volga Federal District]] (298.1 in [[Orenburg Oblast]]) and 197 in the [[North Caucasian Federal District]] (267.2 in [[Stavropol Krai]]). The regions with the greatest car ownership are [[Kamchatka Krai]] in Asiatic Russia (484.8) and [[Belgorod Oblast]] in European Russia (340.5). Those with the least are [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]] in Asiatic Russia (73.1) and the [[Republic of Ingushetia]] in European Russia (130.0).<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/business/trans-sv/t3-4.xls Transport] gks.ru</ref>