Editing Transport in Turkey (section)

==Road transport==
[[File:O-3.jpg|thumb|Junction of the O-2 and O-3 in Istanbul]]
[[File:Osman_Gazi_Köprüsü,_Altınova_ayağından_köprüye_giriş_istikameti.jpg|thumb|250px|Otoyol 5 near Altınova exit]]{{See also|Automotive industry in Turkey}}
Road transport is responsible for much [[air pollution in Turkey]] and almost a fifth of [[greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey|Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions]], mainly via diesel. It is one of 3 G20 countries without a fuel efficiency standard.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/how-australia-can-boost-electric-vehicle-supply/ | title=Everything you need to know about how Australia can boost electric vehicle supply | date=10 August 2022 }}</ref>  {{As of|2020}} there are many old, inefficient, polluting trucks.{{sfnp|Difiglio|Güray|Merdan|2020|p=102}} Retiring old polluting vehicles by forcing all cars and trucks to meet tailpipe emission standards would reduce disease, especially from [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]].{{sfnp|Difiglio|Güray|Merdan|2020|p=154}} {{As of|2024}}, the country has a roadway network of {{convert|68617|km|mi|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Kurumsal/YolAgi.aspx|title=Yol Ağı Bilgileri|publisher=Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109030650/http://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Kurumsal/YolAgi.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Eurasia Tunnel]] (2016) provides an undersea road connection for motor vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/economy/istanbuls-13bn-eurasia-tunnel-prepares-to-open/709440|title=Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=19 December 2016}}</ref> The [[Bosphorus Bridge]] (1973), [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]] (1988) and [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge]] (2016) are the three suspension bridges connecting the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait. The [[Osman Gazi Bridge]] (2016) connects the northern and southern shores of the [[Gulf of İzmit]]. The [[Çanakkale 1915 Bridge|1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] (2022) , connects the European and Asian shores of the [[Dardanelles]] strait.

Fuel quality and emissions standards are not as good as those in the EU,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye 2022 Report |url=https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/news/turkiye-2022-report-10910 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=EU Delegation to Türkiye |language=en}}</ref> and {{As of|2024|lc=y}} less than 1% of cars and almost no commercial vehicles on the road are electric.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-22 |title=Turkey’s electric vehicle sector will grow slowly |url=https://www.oxan.com/insights/turkeys-electric-vehicle-sector-will-grow-slowly/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Oxford Analytica |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023 the World Bank said the government should plan and subsidize the rollout of public electric car chargers, particularly because so many people live in flats. They said that a subsidy would provide environmental and social benefits. They also said that cities should set an end date for diesel buses.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/publication/deploying-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-in-turkiye | title=Deploying Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Türkiye }}</ref>

In the same year, according to a study by Dr. Hüseyin Korkmaz of Istanbul University, Istanbul drivers lost an average of 105 hours due to traffic congestion. The research, utilizing AI to analyze data from the Turkish National Police, identified 97,354 traffic accidents in the city that year, with many occurring during peak hours on major routes. The study highlights that even minor accidents can significantly disrupt traffic flow, especially when lanes are closed. Dr. Korkmaz suggests that addressing Istanbul's traffic issues requires improved public transportation, better urban planning, and measures to control population growth and vehicle usage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AA |first=Daily Sabah with |date=2025-05-20 |title=Istanbul drivers wasted 105 hours stuck in traffic in 2024: Study |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkiye/istanbul/istanbul-drivers-wasted-105-hours-stuck-in-traffic-in-2024-study |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Road network===
{{Main|List of highways in Turkey}}[[File:Motorway Map of Turkey (revised).png|thumb|left|Turkish ''Otoyol'' network map|500px]]

'''There are three types of intercity roads in Turkey:'''

– The first is the historical and free road network called State roads (''[[Turkish State Highway System|Devlet Yolları]]'') that are completely under the responsibility of the [[General Directorate of Highways (Turkey)|General Directorate of Highways]] except for urban sections (like the sections falling within the inner part of [[ring road]]s of [[Otoyol 20|Ankara]], [[Otoyol 1|Istanbul]] or [[Otoyol 30|İzmir]]. Even if they mostly possess [[dual carriageway]]s and [[Interchange (road)|interchanges]], they also have some [[traffic light]]s and [[Intersection (road)|intersections]].

– The second type of roads are [[controlled-access highway]]s that are officially named ''[[Otoyol]]''. But it isn't uncommon that people in Turkey call them ''Otoban'' (referring to [[Autobahn]]) as this types of roads entered popular culture by the means of [[Turks in Germany]]. They also depend on the [[General Directorate of Highways (Turkey)|General Directorate of Highways]] except those that are financed with a [[Build–operate–transfer|BOT]] model.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

– The third type of roads are provincial roads (''Il Yolları)'' are highways of secondary importance linking districts within a province to each other , the provincial center, the districts in the neighboring provinces, the state roads, railway stations, seaports, and airports

*[[Controlled-access highway|Motorway]]s: Motorway  3.796&nbsp;km (January 2025)<ref name="kgm1">{{cite web |title=KGM 2025 Performance Report |url=https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Kurumsal/PerformansProgrami/2025Performans.pdf |website=kgm.gov.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206144445/https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Kurumsal/PerformansProgrami/2025Performans.pdf |page=29 |language=Turkish |date=2023-01-01}}</ref>
*[[Dual carriageway]]s: 29.673&nbsp;km (January 2025)<ref name="kgm1" />
*State Highways 30.832&nbsp;km (January 2025)<ref name="kgm1" />
*Provincial Roads 33.922&nbsp;km  (January 2025)<ref name="kgm1" />
*Motorway Projects‐Vision 8.325&nbsp;km (in 2053)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bakan Karaismailoğlu: Hedefimiz 2053'e kadar otoyol uzunluğumuzu 8 bin 325 kilometreye ulaştırmak |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/bakan-karaismailoglu-hedefimiz-2053e-kadar-otoyol-uzunlugumuzu-8-bin-325-kilometreye-ulastirmak/2756634 |publisher=aa.com.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209153832/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/bakan-karaismailoglu-hedefimiz-2053e-kadar-otoyol-uzunlugumuzu-8-bin-325-kilometreye-ulastirmak/2756634 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |language=Turkish |date=2022-12-06}}</ref>

As of 2023, there are 471 [[tunnel]]s (total length 665&nbsp;km)<ref>{{cite web |title=Tunnel projects |url=https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/TunelProjeleri.aspx |publisher=kgm.gov.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206151546/https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/TunelProjeleri.aspx |archive-date=2023-02-06}}</ref> and 9.660 [[bridge]]s (total length 739&nbsp;km)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bridge Projects |url=https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/KopruProjeleri.aspx |publisher=kgm.gov.tr |access-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206150943/https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Projeler/KopruProjeleri.aspx |archive-date=2023-02-06 |language=Turkish}}</ref> on the network.

===Public road transport===
[[File:AydınBusTerminus_(4).JPG|thumb|Intercity bus station in Aydın]]
There are numerous private [[bus]] companies providing connections between cities in Turkey.
For local trips to villages there are [[dolmuş]]es, small [[van]]s that seat about twenty passengers.
As of 2024, number of road vehicles is around 31 million. The number of vehicles by type and use is as follows.<ref>https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Motorlu-Kara-Tasitlari-Aralik-2024-53463&dil=1</ref>
* [[Car]]	 16,232,458
* [[Minibus]]  522,608
* [[Bus]]	213,416
* [[Truck|Small truck]] 4,703,287
* [[Truck]]	 1,000,326
* [[Motorcycle]]	 6,261,927
* [[Special Purpose vehicle]] 102,100
* [[Tractor]] 2,265,267
* Total: 31,301,389

=== Motor vehicles by year (2002-2024) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Yıl !! Total !! Car !!  Minibus !!  Bus !! Truck|Small truck  !! Truck !! Motorcycle !! Special Purpose vehicle !! Tractor
|-
! 2002 
| 8.655.170 || 4.600.140 || 241.700 || 120.097 || 875.381 || 567.152 || 1.046.907 || 23.666 || 1.180.127
|-
! 2003 
| 8.903.843 || 4.700.343 || 245.394 || 123.500 || 973.457 || 579.010 || 1.073.415 || 24.468 || 1.184.256
|-
! 2004 
| 10.236.357 || 5.400.440 || 318.954 || 152.712 || 1.259.867 || 647.420 || 1.218.677 || 28.004 || 1.210.283
|-
! 2005 
| 11.145.826 || 5.772.745 || 338.539 || 163.390 || 1.475.057 || 676.929 || 1.441.066 || 30.333 || 1.247.767
|-
! 2006 
| 12.227.393 || 6.140.992 || 357.523 || 175.949 || 1.695.624 || 709.535 || 1.822.831 || 34.260 || 1.290.679
|-
! 2007 
| 13.022.945 || 6.472.156 || 372.601 || 189.128 || 1.890.459 || 729.202 || 2.003.492 || 38.573 || 1.327.334
|-
! 2008 
| 13.765.395 || 6.796.629 || 383.548 || 199.934 || 2.066.007 || 744.217 || 2.181.383 || 35.100 || 1.358.577
|-
! 2009 
| 14.316.700 || 7.093.964 || 384.053 || 201.033 || 2.204.951 || 727.302 || 2.303.261 || 34.104 || 1.368.032
|-
! 2010 
| 15.095.603 || 7.544.871 || 386.973 || 208.510 || 2.399.038 || 726.359 || 2.389.488 || 35.492 || 1.404.872
|-
! 2011 
| 16.089.528 || 8.113.111 || 389.435 || 219.906 || 2.611.104 || 728.458 || 2.527.190 || 34.116 || 1.466.208
|-
! 2012 
| 17.033.413 || 8.648.875 || 396.119 || 235.949 || 2.794.606 || 751.650 || 2.657.722 || 33.071 || 1.515.421
|-
! 2013 
| 17.939.447 || 9.283.923 || 421.848 || 219.885 || 2.933.050 || 755.950 || 2.722.826 || 36.148 || 1.565.817
|-
! 2014 
| 18.828.721 || 9.857.915 || 427.264 || 211.200 || 3.062.479 || 773.728 || 2.828.466 || 40.731 || 1.626.938
|-
! 2015 
| 19.994.472 || 10.589.337 || 449.213 || 217.056 || 3.255.299 || 804.319 || 2.938.364 || 45.732 || 1.695.152
|-
! 2016 
| 21.090.424 || 11.317.998 || 463.933 || 220.361 || 3.442.483 || 825.334 || 3.003.733 || 50.818 || 1.765.764
|-
! 2017 
| 22.218.945 || 12.035.978 || 478.618 || 221.885 || 3.642.625 || 838.718 || 3.102.800 || 60.099 || 1.838.222
|-
! 2018 
| 22.865.921 || 12.398.190 || 487.527 || 218.523 || 3.755.580 || 845.462 || 3.211.328 || 63.359 || 1.885.952
|-
! 2019
| 23.156.975 || 12.503.049 || 493.373 || 213.358 || 3.796.919 ||  844.481 || 3.331.326 || 65.470 || 1.908.999
|-
! 2020
| 24.144.857 || 13.099.041 || 493.395 || 212.407 || 3.938.732 ||  859.670 || 3.512.576 || 70.309 || 1.958.727
|-
! 2021
| 25.249.119 || 13.706.065 || 484.806 || 208.882 || 4.115 205 || 886.303 || 3.744.370 || 78.482 || 2.025.006
|-
! 2022 
| 26.482.847 || 14.269.352 || 487.381 || 208.442 || 4.277.424 ||  919.125 || 4.141.914 || 85.276 || 2.093.933
|-
! 2023 
| 28.740.492 || 15.221.134 || 502.628 || 210.740 || 4.487.244 ||  959.793 || 5.079.396 || 93.407 || 2.186.150
|-
! 2024 
| 31.301.389 || 16.232.458 || 522.608 || 213.416 || 4.703.287 || 1.000.326 || 6 261.927 || 102.100 || 2.265.267
|}
Source<ref>https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr</ref>

===Cycling===
{{Excerpt|Cycling in Turkey}}

===Escooters===
[[Escooter]] rental is available in some cities,<ref>{{Cite web|title=E-scooter company Fenix acquires Palm for $5M, gains entry to Turkish market|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/08/02/e-scooter-company-fenix-acquires-palm-for-5m-gains-entry-to-turkish-market/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> and escooters can be used on cycle paths, and on urban roads without cycle paths where the speed limit is below 50 kph.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regulation for use of e-scooter enters into force - Turkey News|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/regulation-for-use-of-e-scooter-enters-into-force-163974|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=16 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Car ownership===
{{As of|2024|}} about 10% of cars sold were electric,<ref name=":0" /> and over half the registered motor vehicles were cars - about 16.2 million - of which 5.5 million were diesel fueled, 5.2 million LPG, 4,9 million gasoline, 0.4 million hybrid, and 0.2 million electric.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Çoban|first=Hasan Hüseyin|date=23 November 2020|title=A 100% Renewable Energy System: The Case of Turkey In The Year 2050|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1369506|access-date=|website=}}</ref>