Editing Tree planting (section)

===Conventional fall planting with fresh-lifted stock===
The fall planting season is generally considered to begin when nursery stock has hardened off and soil moisture reserves have been replenished by autumnal rain. It then continues until the planting program has been completed or is terminated by freeze-up or heavy snow. The advantages of fall planting were once considered "To outweigh those of spring so certainly" that in the National Forests of the Lake States almost all planting was done in the fall,<ref name="Kittredge">{{cite journal |last1=Kittredge |first1=J |date=1929 |title=Forest planting in the Lake States |journal=U.S.D.A., for. Serv., Washington DC, Agric. Bull. |issue=1497 |pages=87 p}}</ref> but in spite of some success, operational fall plantings in North America have tended to be less successful than operational spring plantings.<ref name="leb">LeBarron, R.K.; Fox, G.; Blythe, R.H. 1938. The effect of season of planting and other factors on early survival of forest plantations. J. For. 36:1211–1215.</ref> On certain sites, a major disadvantage of fall planting is that the root systems of outplants have little time in which to become firmly anchored before being subjected to frost heaving. Such plants are also vulnerable to "winter browning", which may occur in the fall soon after planting, especially among stock having high shoot:root ratios.<ref name="rud">Rudolf, P.O. 1950. Cold soaking – a short-cut substitute for stratification? J. For. 48(1):31–32.</ref> Relationships between dormancy progression and physiological condition, including root-growth capacity, are much less clear in the spruces than in the pines, but certainly there is good evidence<ref name="Baldwin 1938">Baldwin, H.I. 1938. Planting experiments in the northeast. J. For. 36:758–760.</ref><ref name="mull">Mullin, R.E. 1968. Comparisons between seedlings and transplants in fall and spring plantings. Ont. Dep. Lands For., Res. Div., Toronto ON, Res. Rep. 85. 40 p.</ref><ref name="sin">Sinclair, C.; Boyd, R.J. 1973. Survival comparisons of three fall and spring plantings of four coniferous species in northern Idaho. USDA, For. Serv., Intermount. For. Range Exp. Sta., Ogden UT, Res. Pap. INT-139. 20 p.</ref><ref name="McClain 1975">McClain, K.M. 1975. Continuous planting of seedling black spruce. p. 177–194 ''in'' Black Spruce Symp. Proc., Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Sault Ste. Marie ON, Symp. Proc. O-P-4.</ref><ref name="McClain 1979">McClain, K.M. 1979. A review on the possibility of extending the planting season. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Northern For. Res. Unit, Thunder Bay ON. 44 p.</ref> that, in the absence of frost heaving, plantings of spruces can be just as successful in fall as in spring.