Editing Turanism (section)

==== Hungary ====
{{main|Hungarian Turanism}}
Hungarian Turanism ({{langx|hu|Turanizmus}}) was a Romantic nationalist cultural and political movement which was most active from the second half of the 19th century through the first half of the 20th century.<ref name="Farkas"/> It was based on the age old and still living national tradition about the Asian origins of the [[Magyar tribes|Magyars]]. This tradition was preserved in medieval chronicles (such as [[Gesta Hungarorum]]<ref>Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum. http://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02245/02245.htm</ref> and [[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum]],<ref>Kézai Simon mester Magyar krónikája. http://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm</ref> and the [[Chronicon Pictum]]) as early as the 13th century. This tradition served as the starting point for the scientific research about the ethnogenesis of the [[Hungarians|Hungarian people]], which began in the 18th century, both in [[Hungary]] and abroad. [[Sándor Kőrösi Csoma]] (the writer of the first Tibetan-English dictionary) traveled to Asia in the strong belief that he could find the kindred of the Magyars in [[Turkestan]], amongst the [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]].<ref name="mek.oszk.hu">Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon. http://mek.oszk.hu/00300/00355/html/index.html</ref> As a scientific movement, Turanism was concerned with the research about Asia and its culture in the context of Hungarian history and culture. Political Turanism was born in the 19th century, in response to the growing influence of [[Pan-Germanism]] and [[Pan-Slavism]], which were seen by Hungarians as very dangerous to the state and nation of Hungary because the country had large ethnic German and Slavic populations.<ref name="Farkas"/> Political Turanism was a romantic nationalist movement, which accentuated the importance of the common ancestry and the cultural affinity of the Hungarians with the peoples of the Caucasus, Inner and Central Asia, like the Turks, Mongols, Parsi and the like, and called for closer collaboration and political alliance with them, as a means to secure and further shared interests, and counter the imminent threats posed by the policies of Western powers like Germany, the British Empire, France and Russia.

The idea of a Hungarian Oriental Institute originated with Jenő Zichy.<ref>VINCZE Zoltán: Létay Balázs, a magyar asszirológia legszebb reménye
http://www.muvelodes.ro/index.php/Cikk?id=155</ref> This idea did not come true. Instead, a kind of lyceum was formed in 1910, called ''Turáni Társaság'' (Hungarian Turan Society, also called Hungarian Asiatic Society). The Turan society concentrated on Turan as geographic location where the ancestors of Hungarians might have lived.

The movement received impetus after Hungary's defeat in World War I. Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Trianon]] (1920), the new Hungarian state constituted only 32.7% of the territory of historic, pre-treaty Hungary, and it lost 58.4% of its total population. More than 3.2 million ethnic Hungarians (one-third of all Hungarians) resided outside the new boundaries of Hungary in the successor states under oppressive conditions.<ref>PORTIK Erzsébet-Edit: Erdélyi magyar kisebbségi sorskérdések a két világháború között. In: Iskolakultúra 2012/9. p. 60-66. http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00011/00168/pdf/EPA00011_Iskolakultura_2012-9_060-066.pdf</ref> Old Hungarian cities of great cultural importance like Pozsony (a former capital of the country), Kassa, and Kolozsvár (present-day [[Bratislava]], [[Košice]], and [[Cluj-Napoca]] respectively) were lost. Under these circumstances, no Hungarian government could survive without seeking justice for both the Magyars and Hungary. Reuniting the Magyars became a crucial point in public life and on the political agenda. Outrage led many to reject Europe and turn towards the East in search of new friends and allies in a bid to revise the unjust terms of the treaty and restore the integrity of Hungary.

{{cquote|Disappointment towards Europe caused by 'the betrayal of the West in Trianon', and the pessimistic feeling of loneliness, led different strata in society towards Turanism. They tried to look for friends, kindred peoples and allies in the East so that Hungary could break out of its isolation and regain its well deserved position among the nations. A more radical group of conservative, rightist people, sometimes even with an anti-Semitic hint propagated sharply anti-Western views and the superiority of Eastern culture, the necessity of a pro-Eastern policy, and development of the awareness of Turanic [[Racialism (racial categorization)|racialism]] among Hungarian people.<ref>UHALLEY, Stephen and WU, Xiaoxin eds.: ''China and Christianity. Burdened Past, Hopeful Future.'' 2001. p. 219.</ref>}}

On 1 June 1924, the ''Magyar-Nippon Társaság'' (Hungarian-Japanese Society) was founded by private persons in order to strengthen Hungarian-Japanese cultural relations and exchanges.<ref>FARKAS Ildikó: A Magyar-Nippon Társaság. In: Japanológiai körkép. 2007. http://real.mtak.hu/34745/1/Farkas_Magyar_Nippon_Tarsasag_u.pdf</ref>

Turanism was never embraced officially because it was not in accord with the Christian conservative ideological background of the regime, but it was used by the government as an informal tool to break the country's international isolation, and build alliances. Hungary signed treaties of friendship and collaboration with the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] in 1923,<ref>1924. évi XVI. törvénycikk a Török Köztársasággal Konstantinápolyban 1923. évi december hó 18. napján kötött barátsági szerződés becikkelyezéséről. http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=7599 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231957/https://1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=7599 |date=2017-03-26 }}</ref> with the [[Estonia|Republic of Estonia]] in 1937,<ref>1938. évi XXIII. törvénycikk a szellemi együttműködés tárgyában Budapesten, 1937. évi október hó 13. napján kelt magyar-észt egyezmény becikkelyezéséről. http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8078 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092915/http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8078 |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> with the [[Finland|Republic of Finland]] in 1937,<ref>1938. évi XXIX. törvénycikk a szellemi együttműködés tárgyában Budapesten, 1937. évi október hó 22. napján kelt magyar-finn egyezmény becikkelyezéséről. http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8084 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060755/http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8084 |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> with [[Japan]] in 1938,<ref>1940. évi I. törvénycikk a Budapesten, 1938. évi november hó 15. napján kelt magyar-japán barátsági és szellemi együttműködési egyezmény becikkelyezéséről. http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8115 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060744/http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8115 |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> and with [[Bulgaria]] in 1941.<ref>1941. évi XVI. törvénycikk a szellemi együttműködés tárgyában Szófiában az 1941. évi február hó 18. napján kelt magyar-bolgár egyezmény becikkelyezéséről. http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8169 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070347/http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=8169 |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

After World War II, the Soviet Red Army occupied Hungary. The Hungarian government was placed under the direct control of the administration of the occupying forces. All Turanist organisations were disbanded by the government{{cn|date=August 2024}}, and the majority of Turanist publications was banned and confiscated. In 1948, Hungary was converted into a communist one-party state. Turanism was portrayed and vilified as an exclusively fascist ideology although Turanism's role in the interwar development of far-right ideologies was negligible.<ref>"While Turanism was and remained little more than a fringe ideology of the Right, the second orientation of the national socialists, pan-Europaism, had a number of adherents, and was adopted as the platform of several national socialist groups." JANOS, Andrew C.: ''The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary'', 1825–1945. 1982. p.275.</ref>