Editing Turoyo language (section)

==Phonology==
Phonetically, Turoyo is very similar to Classical Syriac. The additional [[phoneme]]s {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} (as in '''''j'''u'''dg'''e''), {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} (as in '''''ch'''ur'''ch''''') {{IPA|/ʒ/}} (as in ''a'''z'''ure'') and a few instances of {{IPA|/ðˤ/}} (the Arabic [[ẓāʾ]]) mostly only appear in loanwords from other languages.

The most distinctive feature of Turoyo phonology is its use of [[reduced vowel]]s in [[syllable|closed syllable]]s. The phonetic value of such reduced vowels differs depending both on the value of original vowel and the dialect spoken. The Miḏyoyo dialect also reduces vowels in pre-stress open syllables. That has the effect of producing a syllabic [[schwa]] in most dialects (in Classical Syriac, the schwa is not syllabic).

=== Consonants ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="6" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-<br />alveolar]]
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyn-<br />geal]]
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="4" |<small>plain</small>|| colspan="2" |[[pharyngealization|<small>emphatic</small>]]
|- align=center
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|m}}
| colspan="2" style="border-right: 0;" | || colspan="2" style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|n}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ({{IPA link|nˤ}})
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|- align=center
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|p}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|b}}
| colspan="2" style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|t}} || colspan="2" style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|d}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|tˤ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|dˤ}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|k}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|q}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʔ}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
|- align=center
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan=2|
| colspan="4" |
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|tʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|- align=center
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|f}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|v}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|θ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ð}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|s}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|z}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|sˤ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ðˤ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʒ}}
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|x}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|ħ}} || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʕ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | {{IPA link|h}} || style="border-left: 0;" |
|- align=center
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|w}}
| colspan="2" style="border-right: 0;" | || colspan="2" style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|l}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ({{IPA link|lˤ}})
| colspan=2|
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|j}}
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|- align=center
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan=2|
| colspan="2" style="border-right: 0;" | || colspan="2" style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|r}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ({{IPA link|rˤ}})
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
| colspan=2|
|}

=== Vowels ===
Turoyo has the following set of vowels:{{sfn|Jastrow|2011|p=697–707}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Lax vowels
!
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|
|{{IPA|ŭ}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|{{IPA|ă}}
|
|}