Editing Typewriter (section)

=== Other typewriters ===
[[File:Fitch 1 typewriter, 1888 (Martin Howard Collection).jpg|thumb|Fitch 1 typewriter, 1888]]
[[File:Underwood 1 typewriter, 1896.jpg|thumb|Underwood 1 typewriter, 1896 – the typewriter that would set the design standard for the new century, with four rows of keys, front strike visible and a single shift key. It also had a light and fast typing action.]]
* 1884 – Hammond "Ideal" typewriter with case, by Hammond Typewriter Company Limited, United States. Despite an unusual, curved keyboard (see pictures in [[#Gallery|Gallery]] and citation), the Hammond became popular because of its superior print quality and changeable typeface. Invented by James Hammond of Boston, Massachusetts in 1880, and commercially released in 1884. The type is carried on a pair of interchangeable rotating sectors, one controlled by each half of the keyboard. A small hammer pushes the paper against the ribbon and type sector to print each character. The mechanism was later adapted to give a straight QWERTY keyboard and proportional spacing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Hammond 'Ideal' typewriters, one with case |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co37725/two-hammond-ideal-typewriters-one-with-case-typewriter |website=Science Museum Group Collection |access-date=27 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1888 – Fitch typewriter – made by the Fitch Typewriter Company, Brooklyn, N.Y. and later in the UK with a slightly different look. Operators of the early typewriters had to work "blind": the typed text emerged only after several lines had been completed or the carriage was lifted to look underneath at the page. The Fitch was one of the first machines to allow prompt correction of mistakes with its visible writing; it was said to be the second machine operating on the visible writing system. The typebars were positioned behind the paper and the writing area faced upwards so that the result could be seen instantly. A curved frame kept the emerging paper from obscuring the keyboard, but the Fitch was soon eclipsed by machines in which the paper could be fed more conveniently at the rear.<ref name="Science Museum">{{Cite web|title=Fitch typewriter, 1891 {{!}} Science Museum Group Collection|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co38149/fitch-typewriter-1891-typewriters|access-date=2021-11-23|website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk|language=en}}</ref>
* 1893 – Gardner typewriter. This typewriter, patented by Mr J Gardner in 1893, was an attempt to reduce the size and cost. Although it prints 84 symbols, it has only 14 keys and two change-case keys. Several characters are indicated on each key and the character printed is determined by the position of the case keys, which choose one of six cases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gardner typewriter, c. 1893 |publisher=Science Museum Group Collection|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co37730/gardner-typewriter-c-1893-typewriter|access-date=2021-11-23|website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk|language=en}}</ref>
* 1896 – the "Underwood 1 typewriter, 10" Pica, No. 990". This was the first typewriter with a typing area fully visible to the typist until a key is struck. These features, copied by all subsequent typewriters, allowed the typist to see and if necessary correct the typing as it proceeded. The mechanism was developed in the US by Franz X. Wagner from about 1892 and taken up, in 1895, by John T. Underwood (1857–1937), a producer of office supplies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Underwood 1 Typewriter, 1897 {{!}} Science Museum Group Collection|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co38171/underwood-1-typewriter-1897-typewriter|access-date=2021-11-22|website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk|language=en}}</ref>