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UNITA
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===1990s=== [[File:Jonas Savimbi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Unita leader [[Jonas Savimbi]].]] Following the 1991 [[Bicesse Accords]], signed in [[Lisbon]], United Nations-brokered elections were held, with both Savimbi and dos Santos running for president in 1992. Failing to win an overall majority in the first round of balloting, and then questioning the election's legitimacy, Savimbi and UNITA returned to armed conflict. Fighting resumed in October 1992 in Huambo, quickly spreading to Angola's capital, [[Luanda]]. It was here that [[Jeremias Chitunda]], UNITA's long-time vice-president and other UNITA officials were killed while fleeing the city culminating in the [[Halloween Massacre (Angola)|Halloween Massacre]]. Following Chitunda's death, UNITA defensively moved their base from Jamba to Huambo. Savimbi's 1992 decision to return to combat ultimately proved a costly one, with many of Savimbi's U.S. conservative allies urging Savimbi to contest dos Santos electorally in the run-off election. Savimbi's decision to forego the run-off also greatly strained UNITA's relations with U.S. President [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/22/world/former-rebels-in-angola-shun-unity-meeting.html|title=Former Rebels in Angola Shun Unity Meeting|work=[[The New York Times]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=22 November 1992|access-date=20 January 2015|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128035424/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/22/world/former-rebels-in-angola-shun-unity-meeting.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm}}</ref> As Savimbi resumed fighting, the U.N. responded by implementing an embargo against UNITA through [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173]]. The UN-commissioned [[Fowler Report]] detailed how UNITA continued to finance its war effort through the sales of diamonds (later to be known as [[blood diamonds]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/202/41606.html|title=Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts ("The "Fowler Report")|last1=Fowler|first1=Robert|last2=Mollander|first2=Anders|author1-link=Robert Fowler (diplomat)|publisher=[[Global Policy Forum]]|date=10 March 2000|access-date=10 March 2010}}</ref> and resulted in further sanctions in the form of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295]] and action to end to the trade in blood diamonds through the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]]. In late 1992 following the [[1992 Angolan general election|general elections]], the U.S. government, which had never recognized the legitimacy of the MPLA, finally recognized the Angolan government and stopped supporting UNITA, further alienating Savimbi.<ref name=BBC25022002/> After failed talks in 1993 to end the conflict, another agreement, the Lusaka Protocol, was implemented in 1994 to form a government of national unity. In 1995, U.N. peacekeepers arrived. But UNITA broke away from the Lusaka agreement in 1998, citing violations of it by the MPLA. In late 1998, a militant group calling itself ''UNITA Renovada'' broke away from mainstream UNITA, when several UNITA commanders dissatisfied with the leadership of [[Jonas Savimbi]] ended their allegiance to his organization. Thousands more deserted UNITA in 1999 and 2000.<ref name="resolutions">{{cite book |last=Hodges |first=Tony |title=Angola: Anatomy of an Oil State |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |date=2004 |edition=second |pages=15β16 |isbn=978-0253344465}}</ref> In 1999, a MPLA military offensive known as [[Operation Restore]] damaged UNITA considerably, essentially destroying UNITA as a conventional military force and forcing UNITA to return to more traditional guerrilla tactics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/29/world/world-briefing.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|title=World briefing|work=[[The New York Times]]|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=29 December 1999|access-date=20 January 2015|archive-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120232509/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/29/world/world-briefing.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/dec/28/chrismcgreal?INTCMP=SRCH|title=Rebels lose former HQ to Angolan army|last=McGreal|first=Chris|author-link=Chris McGreal|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 December 1999|access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> In October 1999, UNITA alleged that the FAA [[Embraer EMB 312 Tucano]]s used during Operation Restore were crewed by Brazilian pilots on contract to the Angolan government. UNITA subsequently declared "that anything within the Angolan national territory, identified as Brazil's interest, is... considered a target and will not be spared" from their attacks.<ref name="WSWS">{{Cite news|last=Mason|first=Barry|date=1999-11-16|title=Angola: MPLA inflicts new defeats on UNITA|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/11/ango-n16.html|work=World Socialist Website}}</ref><ref name="Brazilian pilots">{{Cite web|url=https://irp.fas.org/world/para/docs/unita/en0510991.htm|title=Kwacha Unita Press β The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola β Unita Standing Committee of the Political Commission 1999 β Year of Generalised Popular Resistance β COMMUNIQUE NO. 39/CPP/99|website=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805192503/https://irp.fas.org/world/para/docs/unita/en0510991.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
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