Editing University of St Andrews (section)

====Women====
[[File:The Gateway, St Andrews geograph-6299409-by-Bill-Harrison.jpg|thumb|The Gateway building, built in 2000 as an International Golf Club and now used by the university's School of Management]]
In the second half of the 19th century, the pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women.<ref name="Discovery in archives">{{Cite web|url=https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/discovery-in-archives-sheds-new-light-on-jex-blakes-campaign-for-medical-education-for-women/|title=Discovery in archives sheds new light on Jex-Blake's campaign for medical education for women|date=27 February 2012|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-date=3 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303172745/https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/discovery-in-archives-sheds-new-light-on-jex-blakes-campaign-for-medical-education-for-women/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1876, the university senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a level roughly equal to the [[MA (Scotland)|Master of Arts degree]] that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the '[[Lady Literate in Arts|LLA examination]]' (Lady Literate in Arts). It required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a diploma from the university. Not being required to attend the university in person, the women were learning by [[Distance education|correspondence]], taking as many years as needed to complete the course. They were both examined and assisted in their studies by [[educator|educationalists]] in the town or city in which they lived in the UK or abroad.<ref name="Ladies Literate in Arts">{{Cite web|title=Ladies Literate in Arts|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/lla/|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620201913/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/lla/|archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref>

In 1889, the [[Ancient university governance in Scotland|Universities (Scotland) Act]]<ref name="Act 1889">{{Cite web|title=Universities (Scotland) Act 1889|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/52-53/55/contents|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=2 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002064256/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/52-53/55/contents|url-status=live}}</ref> made it possible to admit women to St Andrews formally and to receive an education equal to that of male students. In September 1892, the university was reported as having "lately taken the lead in opening its classes to women"  and proclaimed  that "St Andrews hails a ladies' school –  [[St Leonards School|St Leonards]]  – second to none in the land, and probably second to few in England".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland |url=https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife%2c%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896 |access-date=19 February 2022 |publisher=Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland |date=15 Sep 1892 |quote=...lately taken the lead in opening its classes to ladies ...St Andrews hails a ladies' school second to none in the land, and probably second to few in England conducted on the English public-school system... |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405231718/https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife,%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1892, the headmistress of St  Leonard's Ladies School, [[Frances Dove|Dame Frances Dove]], had  become "possessor" of the buildings of the university's old [[St Leonard's College, St Andrews|St Leonard's College]]  which were being used again for their original purpose of providing accommodation for students, only this time not for males but for "girl graduates and [[undergraduates]]".<ref>{{cite book |title=25 Years at St Andrews – 1865–1890 – [Chapter, After The Assembly] |date=1892 |publisher=Longmans, Greene & Co |page=371 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zFAAAAAYAAJ&dq=women%20at%20%20Gifford%20Lectures%20%20in%201890s&pg=PA371 |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100009/https://books.google.com/books?id=0zFAAAAAYAAJ&dq=women%20at%20%20Gifford%20Lectures%20%20in%201890s&pg=PA371 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Having [[matriculation|matriculated]], [[Agnes Forbes Blackadder]] entered the university in 1892 and became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the same level as men on 29 March 1895, when she gained her [[Master of Arts|MA]].<ref name="St Andrews Special Collections">{{Cite web|url=https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2017/03/07/trailblazing-women-at-the-university-of-st-andrews-a-celebration-for-international-womens-day/|title=Trailblazing Women at the University of St Andrews: A Celebration for International Women's Day|last=St Andrews Special Collections|date=7 March 2017|website=Echoes from the Vault|language=en|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925160600/https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2017/03/07/trailblazing-women-at-the-university-of-st-andrews-a-celebration-for-international-womens-day/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Who was the first female graduate of the University of St Andrews?">{{Cite web|title=Who was the first female graduate of the University of St Andrews?|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/femalegraduate/|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110152020/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/femalegraduate/|archive-date=10 January 2013}}</ref> The first female lecturer at the university was [[Alice Marion Umpherston]], appointed in 1896 to teach Physiology to women students.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Women's Day 2019: The first women in the Library – Special Collections blog|url=https://special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2019/03/08/international-womens-day-2019-the-first-women-in-the-library/|access-date=31 July 2023|website=special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731234253/https://special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2019/03/08/international-womens-day-2019-the-first-women-in-the-library/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to the increasing number of female students attending the university, the first women's [[hall of residence]] was founded in 1896 by [[Louisa Lumsden|Dame Louisa Lumsden]], the first principal of [[St Leonards School]], which adjoined the university. The residence was named [[University Hall (University of St Andrews)|University Hall]].<ref name="Literate Ladies – A fifty year experiment">{{Cite web|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/special-collections/documents/Literate%20Ladies%20Alumnus%20Chronicle%20vol%2059%20June%201968.pdf|title=Literate Ladies – A fifty year experiment|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225951/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/special-collections/documents/Literate%20Ladies%20Alumnus%20Chronicle%20vol%2059%20June%201968.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland |url=https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife%2c%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896 |access-date=19 February 2022 |publisher=Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland |date=15 Sep 1892 |quote=...lately taken the lead in opening its classes to ladies ...St Andrews hails a ladies' school second to none in the land, and probably second to few in England conducted... |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405231718/https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife,%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896 |url-status=live }}</ref>