Editing Urban design (section)

====20th century====
In the early 1900s, urban planning became professionalized. With input from [[utopia]]n visionaries, civil engineers, and [[local government|local councilors]], new approaches to city design were developed for consideration by decision-makers such as elected officials. In 1899, the [[Town and Country Planning Association]] was founded. In 1909, the first academic course on urban planning was offered by the [[University of Liverpool]].<ref>{{Cite book|editor1-first=Robert|editor1-last=Freestone|date=2000-06-22|title=Urban Planning in a Changing World|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203819630|doi=10.4324/9780203819630|isbn=9781136744600}}</ref> Urban planning was first officially embodied in the [[Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1909|Housing and Town Planning Act of 1909]] Howard's 'garden city' compelled local authorities to introduce a system where all housing construction conformed to specific building standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/overview/townplanning/|title=The birth of town planning}}</ref> In the United Kingdom following this Act, [[surveying|surveyor]], [[civil engineer]]s, [[architect]]s, and [[lawyer]]s began working together within [[municipal government|local authorities]]. In 1910, [[Thomas Adams (architect)|Thomas Adams]] became the first Town Planning Inspector at the [[Local Government Board]] and began meeting with practitioners. In 1914, The [[Town Planning Institute]] was established. The first [[urban planning]] course in America was not established until 1924 at [[Harvard University]]. Professionals developed schemes for the development of land, transforming town planning into a new area of expertise.

In the 20th century, urban planning was changed by the [[automobile]] industry. Car-oriented design impacted the rise of 'urban design'. City layouts now revolved around roadways and traffic patterns.

In June 1928, [[Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne|the International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM)]] was founded at the Chateau de [[la Sarraz]] in Switzerland, by a group of 28 European architects organized by [[Le Corbusier]], [[Hélène de Mandrot]], and [[Sigfried Giedion]]. The CIAM was one of many 20th century [[manifesto]]s meant to advance the cause of "architecture as a social art".
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Modernism">
File:Rodoviária do Plano Piloto.jpg|[[Brasília]] ([[Oscar Niemeyer]], [[Lúcio Costa]])
File:Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006.jpg|[[Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh)]] (1952–1961) ([[Le Corbusier]])
File:United Nations HQ - New York City.jpg|[[Headquarters of the United Nations]]
File:FDR Drive approaching Brooklyn Bridge.jpg|[[FDR Drive]] designed by [[Robert Moses]]
</gallery>

=====Postwar=====
Team X was a group of architects and other invited participants who assembled starting in July 1953 at the 9th Congress of the [[Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne|International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM)]] and created a schism within CIAM by challenging its doctrinaire approach to [[urbanism]].

In 1956, the term "Urban design" was first used at a series of conferences hosted by Harvard University. The event provided a platform for Harvard's Urban Design program. The program also utilized the writings of famous [[urban planning]] thinkers: [[Gordon Cullen]], [[Jane Jacobs]], [[Kevin A. Lynch|Kevin Lynch]], and [[Christopher Alexander]].

In 1961, [[Gordon Cullen]] published ''The Concise Townscape''. He examined the traditional artistic approach to city design of theorists including Camillo Sitte, Barry Parker, and [[Raymond Unwin]]. Cullen also created the concept of 'serial vision'. It defined the urban landscape as a series of related spaces.
[[File:Jane Jacobs.jpg|thumb|[[Jane Jacobs]], urban design activist and author of ''[[The Death and Life of Great American Cities]]''.]]
Also in 1961, [[Jane Jacobs]] published ''[[The Death and Life of Great American Cities]]''. She critiqued the [[modernism]] of [[Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne|CIAM]] (International Congresses of Modern Architecture). Jacobs also claimed [[crime rate]]s in publicly owned spaces were rising because of the Modernist approach of 'city in the park'. She argued instead for an 'eyes on the street' approach to town planning through the resurrection of main public space precedents (e.g. streets, squares).

In the same year, [[Kevin A. Lynch|Kevin Lynch]] published ''[[The Image of the City]]''. He was seminal to urban design, particularly with regards to the concept of legibility. He reduced urban design theory to five basic elements: paths, districts, edges, nodes, landmarks. He also made the use of mental maps to understand the city popular, rather than the two-dimensional physical master plans of the previous 50 years.

Other notable works:

* ''Architecture of the City'' by [[Aldo Rossi]] (1966)
* ''Learning from Las Vegas'' by [[Robert Venturi]] and [[Denise Scott Brown]] (1972)
* ''Collage City'' by [[Colin Rowe]] (1978)
* ''The Next American Metropolis'' by [[Peter Calthorpe]] (1993)
* ''The Social Logic of Space'' by Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson (1984)

The popularity of these works resulted in terms that become everyday language in the field of [[urban planning]]. Aldo Rossi introduced 'historicism' and 'collective memory' to urban design. Rossi also proposed a 'collage metaphor' to understand the collection of new and old forms within the same urban space. Peter Calthorpe developed a manifesto for sustainable urban living via medium-density living. He also designed a manual for building new settlements in his concept of [[Transit-oriented development|Transit Oriented Development]] (TOD). Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson introduced [[Space Syntax]] to predict how movement patterns in cities would contribute to urban vitality, anti-social behaviour, and economic success. 'Sustainability', 'livability', and 'high quality of urban components' also became commonplace in the field.