Editing Valdivian temperate forests (section)

===Origin and evolution===
The flora of the forests has inherited and developed its characteristics due to a variety of causes. Its Neotropical affinities reflect its current geographic connection to the remaining South America.<ref name=arroyoetal95/> Its "Gondwanan" species are a legacy of the ancient [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]], a landmass formerly composed of South America, Africa, India, Antarctica and Australia. The high degree of [[endemic]] species and [[monospecific]] genera is thought to be linked to the geographic isolation came into being as result of the [[Andean orogeny|uplift of the Andes]].<ref name=arroyoetal95>{{cite book |last=Arroyo|first=Mary Kalin|author-link=Mary Kalin Arroyo |last2=Cavieres |first2=Lohengrin |last3=Peñaloza|first3=Alejandro|last4=Riveros |first4=Magal |last5=Faggi|first5=Ana María|date=1995|editor-last=Armesto|editor-first=Juan J. |editor-last2=Villagrán|editor-first2=Carolina|editor-last3=Arroyo|editor-first3=Mary Kalin|editor-link2=Carolina Villagrán |title=Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile|chapter=Relaciones fitogeográficas y patrones regionales de riqueza de especies en la flora del bosque lluvioso templado de Sudamérica|location=Santiago de Chile |publisher=[[Editorial Universitaria]] |pages=71–99 |isbn=9561112841 |language=es|trans-chapter=Floristic structure and human impact on the Maulino forest of Chile}}</ref> There are a few "[[Biantitropical distribution|boreal]]" components in the Valdivian temperate rain forest which arrived by long-distance transport.<ref name=arroyoetal95/> Yet another component are the species from nearby South American ecosystems that adapted to the temperate rainforest.<ref name=arroyoetal95/> 

During the [[Llanquihue glaciation]] much of the area west of [[Llanquihue Lake]] remained ice-free during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and had sparsely distributed vegetation dominated by ''[[Nothofagus]]'' species. Valdivian temperate rain forest proper was reduced to scattered remnants in to the west of the Andes.<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Adams |author-first=Jonathan |title=South America during the last 150,000 years |url=http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nercSOUTHAMERICA.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130085619/http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nercSOUTHAMERICA.html |archive-date=2010-01-30 }}</ref> More specifically the [[Last Glacial Maximum refugia|refugia]] of the Valdivian temperate rain forest between latitudes 41 and 37° S were; the coastal region, the lower slopes of the Chilean Coast Range and the westernmost [[Chilean Central Valley]] all of which remained free of disturbance by the glacial, [[glacifluvial]] and [[periglacial]] disturbance through the glaciation.<ref name=VillagranHinojosa2005>{{cite book |last=Villagrán |first=Carolina|last2=Hinojosa |first2=Luis Felipe|author-link1=Carolina Villagrán |date=2005|language=es |title=Regionalización Biogeográfica en Iberoámeríca y tópicos afines |chapter=Esquema biogeográfico de Chile |editor-last=Llorente Bousquests|editor-first=Jorge|editor-last2=Morrone |editor-first2=Juan J. |location=Mexico |publisher=Ediciones de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Jiménez Editores }}</ref><ref name=VeitGarleff1995>{{cite book |last=Veit |first=Heinz |last2=Garleff |first2=Karsten |date=1995|editor-last=Armesto|editor-first=Juan J. |editor-last2=Villagrán|editor-first2=Carolina|editor-last3=Arroyo|editor-first3=Mary Kalin|editor-link2=Carolina Villagrán|editor-link3=Mary Kalin Arroyo |title=Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile|chapter=Evolución del paisaje cuaternario y los suelos de Chile Central-Sur |location=Santiago de Chile |publisher=[[Editorial Universitaria]] |pages=29–49 |isbn=9561112841 }}</ref>