Editing Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (section)

===Vancomycin-intermediate ''S. aureus'' (VISA)===
Vancomycin-intermediate ''S. aureus'' (VISA) ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|iː|s|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|v|iː|aɪ|ɛ|s|eɪ}}) was first identified in [[Japan]] in 1996<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hiramatsu|first1=K.|last2=Hanaki|first2=H.|last3=Ino|first3=T.|last4=Yabuta|first4=K.|last5=Oguri|first5=T.|last6=Tenover|first6=F. C.|date=1997-07-01|title=Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility.|journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|language=en|volume=40|issue=1|pages=135–136|doi=10.1093/jac/40.1.135|issn=0305-7453|pmid=9249217|doi-access=free}}</ref> and has since been found in hospitals elsewhere in [[Asia]], as well as in [[the United Kingdom]], [[France]], the [[United States|U.S.]], and [[Brazil]]. It is also termed GISA (glycopeptide-intermediate ''Staphylococcus aureus''), indicating resistance to all glycopeptide antibiotics. These bacterial strains present a thickening of the cell wall, which is believed to reduce the ability of vancomycin to diffuse into the division septum of the cell required for effective vancomycin treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Howden BP, Davies JK, Johnson PD, Stinear TP, Grayson ML |title=Reduced vancomycin susceptibility in ''Staphylococcus aureus'', including vancomycin-intermediate and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate strains: resistance mechanisms, laboratory detection, and clinical implications |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |date=Jan 2010 | volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=99–139 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00042-09 |pmid=20065327 |pmc=2806658 |url=}}</ref>
[[File:S aureus blood agar.jpg|thumb|''[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]'' [[blood agar]]]]