Editing Vertebral augmentation (section)

== Adverse effects ==
[[File:VertcementCT2.png|thumb|A CT image of cement used in kyphoplasty that has entered the spinal channel and is pressing on the spinal cord resulting in neurological symptoms]]
Some of the associated risks are from the leak of acrylic cement to outside of the vertebral body. Although severe complications are extremely rare, infection, bleeding, numbness, tingling, headache, and paralysis may ensue because of misplacement of the needle or cement. This particular risk is decreased by the use of X-ray or other radiological imaging to ensure proper placement of the cement.<ref name="epainbook" /> In those who have fractures due to cancer, the risk of serious adverse events appears to be greater at 2%.<ref name=Mon2012/>

The risk of new fractures following these procedures does not appear to be changed; however, evidence is limited,<ref name="Zou E515-22"/> and an increase risk as of 2012 is not ruled out.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bliemel|first=C|author2=Oberkircher, L |author3=Buecking, B |author4=Timmesfeld, N |author5=Ruchholtz, S |author6= Krueger, A |title=Higher incidence of new vertebral fractures following percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty--fact or fiction?|journal=Acta Orthopaedica Belgica|date=April 2012|volume=78|issue=2|pages=220–9|pmid=22696994}}</ref> Pulmonary cement embolism is reported to occur in approximately 2-26% of procedures.<ref name=Wang2012>{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=LJ|author2=Yang, HL |author3=Shi, YX |author4=Jiang, WM |author5= Chen, L |title=Pulmonary cement embolism associated with percutaneous vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty: a systematic review.|journal=Orthopaedic Surgery|date=August 2012|volume=4|issue=3|pages=182–9|pmid=22927153|doi=10.1111/j.1757-7861.2012.00193.x|pmc=6583132}}</ref> It may occur with or without symptoms.<ref name=Wang2012/> Typically, if there are no symptoms, there are no long term issues.<ref name=Wang2012/> Symptoms do occur in about 1 in 2000 procedures.<ref name=MSAC2011/> Other adverse effects include spinal cord injury in 0.6 per 1000.<ref name=MSAC2011>{{cite book|title=Review of interim funded service: Vertebroplasty and New review of Kyphoplasty|date=April 2011|publisher=Medical Services Advisory Committee|isbn=9781742414560|url=http://www.msac.gov.au/internet/msac/publishing.nsf/Content/0A8B7AF67EA9D41FCA25766A000DBBEA/$File/27.1%20Assessment%20report%20for%20public%20release%2019-11-11.pdf}}</ref>