Editing Veto (section)

== Types ==
Most modern vetoes are intended as a check on the power of the government, or a [[branch of government]], most commonly the legislative branch. Thus, in governments with a [[separation of powers]], vetoes may be classified by the branch of government that enacts them: an executive veto, [[legislative veto]], or [[judicial veto]].

However, other types of veto power have safeguarded other interests. The denial of [[royal assent]] by governors in the British colonies, which continued well after the practice had ended in Britain itself, served as a check by one level of government against another.{{sfn|Watson|1987|p=403}} Vetoes may also be used to safeguard the interests of particular groups within a country. The veto power of the ancient Roman tribunes protected the interests of one social class (the plebeians) against another (the patricians).{{sfn|Watson|1987|p=402}} In the transition from [[apartheid]], a "white veto" to protect the interests of [[white South Africans]] was proposed but not adopted.<ref>{{Cite news
  | url =  https://www.newsweek.com/apartheid-ash-heap-191424
  | access-date = 2022-06-17
  | title = Apartheid on the Ash Heap
  | author =  Joe Contreras
  | work = Newsweek 
  | date = 1993-11-28
}}</ref> More recently, [[indigenous veto]]es over industrial projects on indigenous land have been proposed following the 2007 [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]], which requires the "free, prior and informed consent" of indigenous communities to development or resource extraction projects on their land. However, many governments have been reluctant to allow such a veto.<ref>{{Cite journal
  | title = Indigenous Veto Power in Bolivia
  | author-first = Jessie 
  | author-last = Shaw
  | pages = 231–238
  | year = 2017
  | doi = 10.1080/10402659.2017.1308737
  | journal = Peace Review
| volume = 29 
 | issue = 2 
 | s2cid = 149072601 
 }}</ref>

Vetoes may be classified by whether the vetoed body can override them, and if so, how. An absolute veto cannot be overridden at all. A qualified veto can be overridden by a [[supermajority]], such as two-thirds or three-fifths. A suspensory veto, also called a suspensive veto, can be overridden by a simple majority, and thus only delays the law from coming into force.<ref>{{cite book
  | title = Black's Law Dictionary
  | editor-first = Bryan
  | editor-last = Garner
  | page = 4841
  | edition = 8th
  | year = 2004
}}</ref>

=== Types of executive vetoes ===
[[File:President William J. Clinton Signing Line Item Veto Letters - NARA - 77861673.jpg|thumb|right|US President [[Bill Clinton]] signing cancellation letters related to his [[Line-item veto in the United States|line-Item vetoes]] for the [[Balanced Budget Act of 1997]].]]

A package veto, also called a "block veto" or "full veto", vetoes a [[legislative act]] as a whole. Conversely, a partial veto, also called a [[line item veto]], allows the executive to object only to some specific part of the law while allowing the rest to stand. An executive with a partial veto has a stronger negotiating position than an executive with only a package veto power.<ref name="oecd-system"/>
{{anchor|Amendatory veto}}<!-- redirect target from [[Amendatory veto]] -->
An amendatory veto or amendatory observation returns legislation to the legislature with proposed amendments, which the legislature may either adopt or override. The effect of legislative inaction may vary: in some systems, if the legislature does nothing, the vetoed bill fails, while in others, the vetoed bill becomes law. Because the amendatory veto gives the executive a stronger role in the legislative process, it is often seen as a marker of a particularly strong veto power.

Some veto powers are limited to budgetary matters (as with line-item vetoes in some US states, or the financial veto in New Zealand).{{sfn|NCSL|1998|p=6-29}} Other veto powers (such as in Finland) apply only to non-budgetary matters; some (such as in South Africa) apply only to constitutional matters. A veto power that is not limited in this way is known as a "policy veto".<ref name="oecd-system"/>

One type of budgetary veto, the reduction veto, which is found in several US states, gives the executive the authority to reduce budgetary appropriations that the legislature has made.{{sfn|NCSL|1998|p=6-29}} When an executive is given multiple different veto powers, the procedures for overriding them may differ. For example, in the US state of Illinois, if the legislature takes no action on a reduction veto, the reduction simply becomes law, while if the legislature takes no action on an amendatory veto, the bill dies.<ref>{{Cite web
  | url =  https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/glossary.asp#V
  | access-date = 2022-06-18
  | title = Legislative Glossary
  | publisher = Illinois General Assembly
}}</ref>

A [[pocket veto]] is a veto that takes effect simply by the executive or head of state taking no action. In the United States, the pocket veto can only be exercised near the end of a legislative session; if the deadline for presidential action passes ''during'' the legislative session, the bill will simply become law.{{sfn|Watson|1987|p=407}} The legislature cannot override a pocket veto.{{sfn|Palanza|Sin|2020|p=367}}

Some veto powers are limited in their subject matter. A constitutional veto only allows the executive to veto bills that are [[unconstitutional]]; in contrast, a "policy veto" can be used wherever the executive disagrees with the bill on policy grounds.<ref name="oecd-system">{{Cite web
  | url =  https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/025c3909-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/025c3909-en
  | access-date = 2022-06-13
  | title = 4. System of government
  | work = Constitutions in OECD Countries: A Comparative Study : Background Report in the Context of Chile's Constitutional Process}}</ref> Presidents with constitutional vetoes include those of Benin and South Africa.

=== Legislative veto ===
{{main|Legislative veto}}

A legislative veto is a veto power exercised by a legislative body. It may be a veto exercised by the legislature against an action of the executive branch, as in the case of the [[legislative veto in the United States]], which is found in 28 US states.<ref>{{Cite web
  | url = https://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/separation-of-powers-legislative-oversight.aspx
  | access-date = 2022-06-22
  | title = Separation of Powers: Legislative Oversight
  | publisher = National Conference of State Legislatures
}}</ref> It may also be a veto power exercised by one chamber of a [[bicameral legislature]] against another, such as was formerly held by members of the [[Senate of Fiji]] appointed by the [[Great Council of Chiefs]].<ref>{{Cite journal
  | title =  A tale of three constitutions: Ethnicity and politics in Fiji
  | author1-first = Yash 
  | author1-last = Ghai
  | author2-first = Jill 
  | author2-last = Cottrell
  | journal = International Journal of Constitutional Law
  | volume = 5
  | issue = 4
  | year = 2007
  | pages = 639–669
  | doi = 10.1093/icon/mom030| doi-access = free
  }}</ref>

=== Veto over candidates ===
In certain political systems, a particular body is able to exercise a veto over candidates for an elected office. This type of veto may also be referred to by the broader term "[[vetting]]".

Historically, certain European Catholic monarchs were able to veto candidates for the [[papacy]], a power known as the ''[[jus exclusivae]]''. This power was used for the last time in 1903 by [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]].<ref>{{Cite book
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eBZFL5fzwawC&pg=PA35
  | page = 35
  | isbn = 9781402729546
  | title = Selecting the Pope: Uncovering the Mysteries of Papal Elections
  | author-first = Greg 
  | author-last = Tobin
  | publisher = Sterling Publishing Company
  | year = 2009
}}</ref>

In Iran, the [[Guardian Council]] has the power to approve or disapprove candidates, in addition to its veto power over legislation.

In China, following a pro-democracy landslide in the [[2019 Hong Kong local elections]], in 2021 the [[National People's Congress]] approved [[2021 Hong Kong electoral changes|a law]] that gave the [[Candidate Eligibility Review Committee]], appointed by the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]], the power to veto candidates for the [[Hong Kong Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite news
  | url =  https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3141117/hong-kong-electoral-changes-powerful-vetting-committee-will
  | access-date = 2022-06-13
  | title = Hong Kong electoral changes: powerful vetting committee that will review hopefuls in coming polls holds first meeting
  | newspaper = South China Morning Post
  | author-first = Christy 
  | author-last = Leung
  | date = 2021-07-14
}}</ref>