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Vowel harmony
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===Korean=== There are three classes of vowels in [[Korean language|Korean]]: positive, negative, and neutral. These categories loosely follow the front (positive) and mid (negative) vowels. [[Middle Korean]] had strong vowel harmony; however, this rule is no longer observed strictly in modern Korean. In modern Korean, it is only applied in certain cases such as [[onomatopoeia]], [[adjectives]], [[adverbs]], [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]], and [[interjection]]s. The vowel {{lang|ko|γ ‘}} ({{Transliteration|ko|eu}}) is considered a partially neutral and a partially negative vowel. There are other traces of vowel harmony in modern Korean: many native Korean words tend to follow vowel harmony, such as {{lang|ko|μ¬λ}} ({{Transliteration|ko|saram}}, 'person') and {{lang|ko|λΆμ}} ({{Transliteration|ko|bu-eok}}, 'kitchen'). {| class="wikitable" |+ Korean Vowel Harmony |- ! rowspan="2" | Positive/"light" ({{Korean|hangul=μ|hanja=ι½|rr=yang|labels=no}}) / Plus Vowels {{Korean|hangul=μμ±λͺ¨μ|hanja=ι½ζ§ζ―ι³|rr=yangseong moeum}} | {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|a}}, {{IPA|ko|a|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|ya}}, {{IPA|ko|ja|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|o}}, {{IPA|ko|o|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|wa}}, {{IPA|ko|wa|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|yo}}, {{IPA|ko|jo|}}) || ({{lang|ko|γ}} {{IPA|ko|Κ|}}) |- | {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|ae}}, {{IPA|ko|Ι|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|yae}}, {{IPA|ko|jΙ|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|oe}}, {{IPA|ko|ΓΈ|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|wae}}, {{IPA|ko|wΙ|}}) || ({{lang|ko|γ}} {{IPA|ko|joj|}}) || ({{lang|ko|γ}} {{IPA|ko|Κj|}}) |- ! rowspan="2" | Negative/"dark" ({{Korean|hangul=μ|hanja=ι°|rr=eum|labels=no}}) / Minus Vowels {{Korean|hangul=μμ±λͺ¨μ|hanja=ι°ζ§ζ―ι³|rr=eumseong moeum}} | {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|eo}}, {{IPA|ko|Κ,Ι|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|yeo}}, {{IPA|ko|jΚ,jΙ|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|u}}, {{IPA|ko|u|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|wo}}, {{IPA|ko|wΚ,wΙ|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|yu}}, {{IPA|ko|ju|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ ‘}} ({{Transliteration|ko|eu}}, {{IPA|ko|Ι―|}}) |- | {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|e}}, {{IPA|ko|e|}})) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|ye}}, {{IPA|ko|je|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|wi}}, {{IPA|ko|y|}}, {{IPA|ko|wi|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ }} ({{Transliteration|ko|we}}, {{IPA|ko|we|}}) || ({{lang|ko|γ}} {{IPA|ko|juj|}}) || {{lang|ko|γ ’}} ({{Transliteration|ko|ui}}, {{IPA|ko|Ι°i|}}) |- ! |Neutral ({{Korean|hangul=μ€|hanja=δΈ|rr=jung|labels=no}}) / Centre Vowels {{Korean|hangul=μ€μ±λͺ¨μ|hanja=δΈζ§ζ―ι³|rr=jungseong moeum}} | colspan="6" | {{lang|ko|γ £}} ({{Transliteration|ko|i}}, {{IPA|ko|i|}}) |}
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