Editing Warren Christopher (section)

==Secretary of State for Clinton==
{{Main|Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration|List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State}}
Serving as Secretary of State from January 20, 1993 until January 17, 1997, Christopher's main goals were the [[enlargement of NATO]], establishing peace between Israel and its neighbors, and using economic pressure to force China's hand on [[Human rights in China|human rights practices]]. The major events transpiring during his tenure included the [[Oslo Accords]], the [[Dayton Agreement]], normalization of [[United States–Vietnam relations]], the [[Rwandan genocide]], [[Operation Uphold Democracy]] in [[Haiti]], and the [[Khobar Towers bombing]].

===Assassination attempt on George H. W. Bush, April 1993===
On April 13, 1993, eleven [[Iraqi Intelligence Service]] agents smuggled a car bomb into [[Kuwait City]] in an attempt to assassinate former President [[George H. W. Bush]] as he spoke at [[Kuwait University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/agency/doj/oig/fbilab1/05bush2.htm|title=The Bush assassination |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]]/[[FBI Laboratory]] report|access-date=2007-05-06}}</ref> Secretary Christopher, among others, urged President Clinton to make a retaliatory strike against Iraq.<ref>Christopher,  ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (2001). Page 234.</ref> On June 26, 1993, the United States [[Cruise missile strikes on Iraq (June 1993)|launched 23 Tomahawk missiles]] against the Baghdad intelligence headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/strike_930626.htm|title=Cruise Missile Strike - June 26, 1993. Operation Southern Watch|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|access-date=2007-05-06}}</ref>

===Oslo Accords, September 1993===
In August 1993, Israeli and Palestinian negotiators meeting in [[Norway]] drew up the [[Oslo Accords]], which created the [[Palestinian Authority]] in exchange for Palestinian recognition of [[Israel's right to exist]]. Secretary Christopher accepted Israeli Foreign Minister [[Shimon Peres]]'s offer to host the signing ceremony. The ceremony took place in Washington D.C. on 13 September 1993, with [[Mahmoud Abbas]] signing for the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], Peres signing for the [[Israel|State of Israel]], Secretary Christopher signing for the United States and [[Andrei Kozyrev]] signing for Russia, in the presence of President Clinton.<ref>Christopher, Warren. ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (New York: Scribner Press, 2001) p. 200.</ref> Christopher was one of the main [[Visionary|visionaries]] and proponent of an [[Middle East economic integration|integrated Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~bmomani/WE-%20MEFTA.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-06-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311234338/http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~bmomani/WE-%20MEFTA.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-11 }}</ref>

===Partnership for Peace NATO expansion, January 1994===
In order to initiate further [[enlargement of NATO]] with minimal backlash from Russia, Secretary Christopher promoted the [[Partnership for Peace]] program as a stepping-stone into full NATO membership. This was against protests from the Pentagon.

===Rwandan Genocide, 1994===
In what has been considered a terrible failure of the international community, the US and UN failed to intervene to stop the [[Rwandan genocide]] in 1994. Over the course of a hundred days, some 800,000 Tutsis were massacred by Hutu militia.<ref>Manry, ''Bill Clinton '' pp 127-29. </ref><ref> ''[[A Problem from Hell|"A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide]]'' (2002) by [[Samantha Power]], pp 329-90. [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL264876W/A_Problem_from_Hell online ]</ref>

===China: Delinking human rights and trade status, May 1994===
During the [[1992 United States presidential election|1992 presidential campaign]], then-candidate Clinton blasted President George H. W. Bush for giving [[China]] low-tariff trading privileges despite its human rights abuses. Secretary Christopher agreed with this view and believed that the US should use economic pressure to force China to improve its human rights record. However, on May 26, 1994, President Clinton renewed China's low-tariff trading privileges, effectively delinking the human rights issue from China's trade relations with the US. [[China–United States relations|U.S.-Sino relations]] improved as a result, with President [[Jiang Zemin]] visiting the U.S. in November 1997 and President Clinton visiting China in June 1998.<ref>Christopher, ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' p. 242.</ref>

===Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti, September 1994===
On September 19, 1994, a US-led coalition returned [[Haiti]]'s popularly elected President [[Jean-Bertrande Aristide]] to power after a [[1991 Haitian coup d'état|1991 coup]] by the [[Armed Forces of Haiti|Haitian Armed Forces]] under [[Raoul Cédras]] had unseated him. The US military effort, known as [[Operation Uphold Democracy]], was largely the product of [[Colin Powell]]'s diplomatic efforts, with little role played by Christopher.<ref>Christopher,  ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (2001) p. 192.</ref>

===Israel–Jordan peace treaty, October 1994===
In the wake of the 1993 Oslo Accords, Secretary Christopher encouraged Jordan's [[King Hussein]] to make a peace treaty with Israel. Christopher eventually offered Hussein $200 million in military equipment and $700 million in debt forgiveness to sweeten the deal. On October 27, 1994, Israeli Prime Minister [[Yitzchak Rabin]] and Jordanian Prime Minister [[Abdelsalam Majali|Abdelsalam al-Majali]] signed the [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]]. The signing was witnessed by President Clinton and Secretary Christopher. Christopher sought to obtain a similar treaty between Rabin and Syrian President [[Hafez al-Assad]], but to no avail.<ref>Christopher, ''Chances of a Lifetime''. (2001) p. 214.</ref>

===Vietnam: Normalizing relations, July 1995===
Working with Senator [[John McCain]], in 1994, Secretary Christopher began actively promoting the normalization of [[United States–Vietnam relations]]. At the time, the U.S. had not had an embassy in Vietnam since 1975. The main obstacle to normalization came from [[Vietnam veteran|Vietnam veterans]] and [[U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War|POW]]/[[Missing in action|MIA]] support groups who were convinced that Hanoi was not fully cooperating in the search for the remains of US soldiers in Vietnam. However, after Secretary Christopher convinced President Clinton that the [[Government of Vietnam|Vietnamese government]] was fully cooperating in these searches, the President announced the formal normalization of diplomatic relations with Vietnam on July 11, 1995.<ref>Christopher,  ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (2001) p. 293.</ref>

===Dayton Agreement, November 1995===
In [[Dayton, Ohio]], Secretary Christopher—working with Assistant Secretary [[Richard Holbrooke]]—negotiated peace talks between President of [[Serbia]] [[Slobodan Milošević]], President of [[Croatia]] [[Franjo Tuđman]], and President of [[Bosnia]] [[Alija Izetbegović]]. The result was the November 1995 [[Dayton Agreement]], which put an end to the [[Bosnian War]].<ref>Christopher, ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (2001) p. 251</ref>

===Khobar Towers bombing, June 1996===
In the wake of the [[Khobar Towers bombing]], Secretary Christopher traveled to [[Saudi Arabia]] to witness the site of the attack. In [[Dhahran]] (the home of the Khobar Towers), Foreign Minister Prince [[Saud al-Faisal]] allegedly promised Christopher that the [[FBI]] would have the full cooperation of the Saudi government. Eventually, however, the Saudi government and the FBI repeatedly conflicted during the course of the investigation resulting in many arguments and fights, especially over the role of female FBI agents.<ref>Christopher, ''Chances of a Lifetime.'' (2001) p. 225.</ref>