Editing World's Columbian Exposition (section)

== Attractions ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Ferris-wheel.jpg|thumb|The original Ferris Wheel]]
[[File:WorldColumbianExpositionExhibitHall.jpg|thumb|An exhibit hall interior]]
[[File:German Government Building, William Henry Jackson, 1893.jpg|thumb|The German pavilion, which remained standing after the Expo]]

The World's Columbian Exposition was the first world's fair with an [[Amusement park|area for amusements]] that was strictly separated from the exhibition halls. This area, developed by a young music promoter, [[Sol Bloom]], concentrated on [[Midway Plaisance]] and introduced the term "midway" to American English to describe the area of a carnival or fair where [[sideshow]]s are located.<ref>{{Dictionary.com|midway|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref>

It included carnival rides, among them the original [[Ferris Wheel (1893)|Ferris Wheel]], built by [[George Washington Gale Ferris Jr.]]<ref name="WDL" /> This wheel was {{convert|264|ft|m|0}} high and had 36 cars, each of which could accommodate 40 people.<ref name="WDL" /><ref>Buel, James William. ''The Magic City: A Massive Portfolio of Original Photographic Views of the Great World's Fair'', Historical Publishing Company, St. Louis MO, 1894 reprinted by Arno Press, NY,  1974</ref> The importance of the Columbian Exposition is highlighted by the use of ''{{lang|es|rueda de Chicago}}'' ("Chicago wheel") in many Latin American countries such as Costa Rica and Chile in reference to the [[Ferris wheel]].<ref>Carvajal, Carol Styles and Horwood, Jane. Concise Oxford Spanish Dictionary: Spanish-English/English-Spanish. Oxford Press, 2004, p. 578.</ref> One attendee, [[George C. Tilyou]], later credited the sights he saw on the Chicago midway for inspiring him to create America's first major amusement park, [[Steeplechase Park]] in [[Coney Island]], New York.

The fair included life-size reproductions of Christopher Columbus' three ships, the ''[[Niña (ship)|Niña]]'' (real name ''Santa Clara''), the ''[[Pinta (ship)|Pinta]]'', and the ''[[Santa María (ship)|Santa María]]''. These were intended to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of the Americas. The ships were constructed in Spain and then sailed to America for the exposition.<ref name=Marling_1992>{{cite journal | title=Writing History with Artifacts: Columbus at the 1893 Chicago Fair | first=Karal Ann | last=Marling| journal=The Public Historian, Imposing the Past on the Present: History, the Public, and the Columbus Quincentenary| volume=14 | issue=4 | date=Autumn 1992 | pages=13–30 | url=https://berlinarchaeology.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/marling-1992-columbus-at-the-1893-worlds-fair.pdf| access-date=2023-04-16}}</ref> The celebration of Columbus was an intergovernmental project, coordinated by American special envoy [[William Eleroy Curtis]], the [[Maria Christina of Austria|Queen Regent of Spain]], and [[Pope Leo XIII]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McEachen |first1=A.D. |title=Letters and Lectures of Captain Little |journal=Naval War College Review |date=February 1972 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=89–91 |jstor=44639691 |access-date=10 May 2023|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44639691}}</ref> The ships were a very popular exhibit.<ref>Trumble White, William Iglehart, and George R. Davis, The World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893 (1893), at 493</ref><ref>James C. Clark, "What Happened to the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria that Sailed in 1892?", ''Orlando Sentinel'', May 10, 1992.</ref>

[[Eadweard Muybridge]] gave a series of lectures on the Science of Animal Locomotion in the Zoopraxographical Hall, built specially for that purpose on Midway Plaisance. He used his [[zoopraxiscope]] to show his [[Film|moving pictures]] to a paying public. The hall was the first commercial movie theater.<ref>{{cite book | last =Clegg | first =Brian | title =The Man Who Stopped Time | publisher =[[Joseph Henry Press]] | year =2007 | isbn =978-0-309-10112-7 | url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780309101127 }}</ref>

The "Street in Cairo" included the popular dancer known as [[Little Egypt (dancer)|Little Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web | title =The World's Columbian Exposition (1893) | work =The American Experience | publisher =PBS | year =1999 | url =https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/houdini/peopleevents/pande08.html | access-date =2009-12-21 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090416091304/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/houdini/peopleevents/pande08.html | archive-date =2009-04-16 | url-status =live }}</ref> She introduced America to the suggestive version of the [[belly dance]] known as the "[[The Streets of Cairo, or the Poor Little Country Maid|hootchy-kootchy]]", to a tune said to have been improvised by Sol Bloom (and now more commonly associated with snake charmers) which he had composed when his dancers had no music to dance to.<ref name="devil">{{Cite book | last =Larson | first =Erik | author-link =Erik Larson (author) | title =The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic and Madness at the Fair that Changed America | publisher =Crown | year =2003 | location =New York | isbn =0-609-60844-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last =Adams | first =Cecil | author-link =Cecil Adams | title =What is the origin of the song 'There's a place in France/Where the naked ladies dance?' Are bay leaves poisonous? | work =The Straight Dope | date =2007-02-27 | url =http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2695/what-is-the-origin-of-the-song-theres-a-place-in-france-where-the-naked-ladies-dance | access-date =2009-12-21 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100401080433/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2695/what-is-the-origin-of-the-song-theres-a-place-in-france-where-the-naked-ladies-dance | archive-date =2010-04-01 | url-status =live }}</ref> Bloom did not copyright the song, putting it immediately in the [[public domain]].

Also included was the first [[moving walkway]] or travelator, which was designed by architect [[Joseph Lyman Silsbee]]. It had two different divisions: one where passengers were seated, and one where riders could stand or walk. It ran in a loop down the length of a lakefront pier to a casino.

Although denied a spot at the fair, [[Buffalo Bill Cody]] decided to come to Chicago anyway, setting up his ''Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show'' just outside the edge of the exposition. Nearby, historian [[Frederick Jackson Turner]] gave academic lectures reflecting on the end of the frontier which Buffalo Bill represented.

The [[electrotachyscope]] of [[Ottomar Anschütz]] was demonstrated, which used a [[Geissler tube]] to project the [[illusion]] of [[history of cinema|moving images]].

[[Louis Comfort Tiffany]] made his reputation with a stunning chapel designed and built for the Exposition. After the Exposition the [[Tiffany Chapel]] was sold several times, even going back to Tiffany's estate. It was eventually reconstructed and restored and in 1999 it was installed at the [[Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art]].

[[File:Idaho State Building at World's Columbian Exposition 1893 Kirtland Cutter.jpg|thumb|[[Idaho Building (Chicago World's Fair)|Idaho Building]]]]
Architect [[Kirtland Cutter]]'s [[Idaho Building (Chicago World's Fair)|Idaho Building]], a rustic log construction, was a popular favorite,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=115|title=Cutter, Kirtland Kelsey (1860–1939), Architect|access-date=2005-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119133915/http://historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=115|archive-date=2005-11-19|url-status=live}}</ref> visited by an estimated 18 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burrows.com/founders/furniture.html|title=Arts & Crafts Movement Furniture|access-date=2005-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827084743/http://www.burrows.com/founders/furniture.html|archive-date=2005-08-27|url-status=live}}</ref> The building's design and interior furnishings were a major precursor of the [[Arts and Crafts movement]].

The event also held a notable "hoochie coochie" dance show which led to Bloom becoming one of the earliest people in U.S. history to make large sums of money off of shows which were reminiscent of [[striptease]]s.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKzbHAAACAAJ | title=Striptease: The Untold History of the Girlie Show | isbn=978-0-19-530076-5 | last1=Shteir | first1=Rachel | date=2004 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://chicagoreader.com/blogs/the-origins-of-the-striptease-and-burlesque/ | title=The origins of the striptease and burlesque | date=May 10, 2012 }}</ref>

=== Anthropology ===
{{See also|Ernest Volk}}

There was an Anthropology Building at the World's Fair. Nearby, "The Cliff Dwellers" featured a rock and timber structure that was painted to recreate Battle Rock Mountain in Colorado, a stylized recreation of an American Indian cliff dwelling with pottery, weapons, and other relics on display.<ref name=DCS>Joseph M. Di Cola & David Stone (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=c7cdCGzfv8MC Chicago's 1893 World's Fair] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229070247/https://books.google.ca/books?id=c7cdCGzfv8MC |date=December 29, 2022 }}, page 21</ref> There was also an [[Eskimo]] display. There were also birch bark [[wigwam]]s of the [[Penobscot]] tribe. Nearby was a working model Indian school, organized by the Office of Indian Affairs, that housed delegations of Native American students and their teachers from schools around the country for weeks at a time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=Christopher T. |title=A Stage Set for Assimilation: The Model Indian School at the World's Columbian Exposition |journal=Winterthur Portfolio |date=2017 |volume=51 |issue=2/3 |pages=95–133 |doi=10.1086/694225 |s2cid=166160942 }}</ref>

=== Rail ===
[[File:John Bull at the Columbian Exposition-2.jpg|thumb|''[[John Bull (locomotive)|John Bull]]'' on display at the exposition.]]

The ''[[John Bull (locomotive)|John Bull]]'' locomotive was displayed. It was only 62 years old, having been built in 1831. It was the first locomotive acquisition by the [[Smithsonian Institution]]. The locomotive ran under its own power from [[Washington, DC]], to Chicago to participate, and returned to Washington under its own power again when the exposition closed. In 1981 it was the oldest surviving operable [[steam locomotive]] in the world when it ran under its own power again.

A [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] [[2-4-2]] locomotive was showcased at the exposition, and subsequently the {{nowrap|2-4-2}} type was known as the ''Columbia''.

An original [[Switch frog|frog]] switch and portion of the superstructure of the famous 1826 [[Granite Railway]] in Massachusetts could be viewed. This was the first commercial railroad in the United States to evolve into a [[common carrier]] without an intervening closure. The railway brought granite stones from a rock quarry in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]], so that the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] could be erected in Boston. The frog switch is now on public view in [[Milton, Massachusetts|East Milton Square, Massachusetts]], on the original [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]] of the Granite Railway.

Transportation by rail was the major mode of transportation. A 26-track train station was built at the southwest corner of the fair. While trains from around the country would unload there, there was a local train to shuttle tourists from the Chicago Grand Central Station to the fair. The newly built [[South Side Elevated Railroad|Chicago and South Side Rapid Transit Railroad]] also served passengers from [[Congress Terminal]] to the fairgrounds at [[Jackson Park station (World's Fair)|Jackson Park]]. The line exists today as part of the [[Chicago Transit Authority|CTA]] [[Green Line (CTA)|Green Line]].

=== Country and state exhibition buildings ===
Forty-six countries had pavilions at the exposition.<ref name="WDL" /> [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Norway]] participated by sending the ''[[Viking (replica Viking longship)|Viking]]'', a replica of the [[Gokstad ship]]. It was built in Norway and sailed across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] by 12 men, led by Captain Magnus Andersen. In 1919, this ship was moved to [[Lincoln Park]]. It was relocated in 1996 to Good Templar Park in [[Geneva, Illinois]], where it awaits renovation.<ref>{{cite web | last =Nepstad | first =Peter | author-link =Peter Nepstad | title =The Viking Shop in Jackson Park | publisher =Hyde Park Historical Society | url =http://www.hydeparkhistory.org/herald/VikingShip.pdf | access-date =2009-01-24 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090205134102/http://www.hydeparkhistory.org/herald/VikingShip.pdf | archive-date =2009-02-05 | url-status =live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last =Smith | first =Gerry | title =Viking ship from 1893 Chicago world's fair begins much-needed voyage to restoration | work =[[Chicago Tribune]] | publisher =Tribune Company | date =2008-06-26 | url =http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2008/06/viking-ship-fro.html | access-date =2009-01-24 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020041/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2008/06/viking-ship-fro.html | archive-date =2016-08-21 | url-status =live }}</ref>

Thirty-four U.S. states also had their own pavilions.<ref name="WDL" /> The work of noted feminist author [[Kate McPhelim Cleary]] was featured during the opening of the Nebraska Day ceremonies at the fair, which included a reading of her poem "Nebraska".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lopers.net/faculty/b/bloomfields/cleary/KCLitBio.htm |title =Kate McPhelim Cleary: A Gallant Lady Reclaimed|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107134359/http://www.lopers.net/faculty/b/bloomfields/cleary/KCLitBio.htm |archive-date=2009-01-07 |website= Lopers.net}}</ref> Among the state buildings present at the fair were California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Texas; each was meant to be architecturally representative of the corresponding states.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Behling|first=Laura L.|date=October 2002|title=Reification and Resistance: The Rhetoric of Black Womanhood at the Columbian Exposition, 1893|journal=Women's Studies in Communication|volume=25|issue=2|pages=173–196|doi=10.1080/07491409.2002.10162445|s2cid=144977109|issn=0749-1409}}</ref>

Four [[United States territories]] also had pavilions located in one building: [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[Oklahoma]], and [[Utah]].<ref name="WDL" />

Visitors to the Louisiana Pavilion were each given a seedling of a cypress tree. This resulted in the spread of cypress trees to areas where they were not native.  Cypress trees from those seedlings can be found in many areas of West Virginia, where they flourish in the climate.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine = Wonderful West Virginia|date= August 2007 |page= 6|first = Kenneth L. |last = Carvell|title = Arboreal Mysteries Unraveled|url = http://www.wvdnr.gov/wwvmagazine/Archive/Batch2007/2007%20-%2008%20August.pdf}}</ref>

The [[Battleship Illinois (replica)|''Illinois'']] was a detailed, full-scale mockup of an [[Indiana-class battleship|''Indiana''-class battleship]], constructed as a naval exhibit.

=== Guns and artillery ===
[[File:The great Krupp building, Columbian Exposition, by Kilburn, B. W. (Benjamin West), 1827-1909.jpg|thumb|[[Stereoscopic]] image of the Great [[Krupp]] Building]]

The German firm [[Krupp]] had a pavilion of artillery, which apparently had cost one million dollars to stage,<ref name="Rosenberg2008" /> including a coastal gun of 42&nbsp;cm in bore (16.54&nbsp;inches) and a length of 33 calibres (45.93 feet, 14 meters). A breech-loaded gun, it weighed 120.46 [[long ton]]s (122.4 metric tons). According to the company's marketing: "It carried a charge projectile weighing from 2,200 to 2,500 pounds which, when driven by 900 pounds of [[brown powder]], was claimed to be able to penetrate at 2,200 yards a wrought-iron plate three feet thick if placed at right angles."<ref>John Birkinbine (1893) "Prominent Features of the World's Columbian Exposition", ''Engineers and engineering'', Volume 10, p. 292; for the metric values see {{cite book|author=Ludwig Beck|title=Die geschichte des eisens in technischer und kulturgeschiehtlicher beziehung: abt. Das XIX, jahrhundert von 1860 an bis zum schluss.|year=1903|publisher=F. Vieweg und sohn|page=1026}}</ref>

Nicknamed "The Thunderer", the gun had an advertised range of 15 miles. On this occasion [[John Schofield]] declared Krupps' guns "the greatest peacemakers in the world".<ref name="Rosenberg2008">{{cite book|author=Chaim M. Rosenberg|title=America at the fair: Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition|year=2008|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-2521-1|pages=229–230}}</ref> This gun was later seen as a precursor of the company's World War I [[Dicke Berta]] howitzers.<ref name="Schirmer1937">{{cite book|author=Hermann Schirmer|title=Das Gerät der Artillerie vor, in und nach dem Weltkrieg: Das Gerät der schweren Artillerie|year=1937|publisher=Bernard & Graefe|page=132|quote=Der Schritt von einer kurze 42-cm-Kanone L/33 zu einer Haubitze mit geringerer Anfangsgeschwindigkeit und einem um etwa 1/5 geringeren Geschossgewicht war nich sehr gross.}}</ref>

=== Religions ===
The 1893 [[Parliament of the World's Religions]], which ran from September 11 to September 27, marked the first formal gathering of representatives of Eastern and Western spiritual traditions from around the world. According to [[Eric J. Sharpe]], [[Tomoko Masuzawa]], and others, the event was considered radical at the time, since it allowed non-Christian faiths to speak on their own behalf.<ref name="Masuzawa">{{cite book |first=Tomoko |last=Masuzawa |title=The Invention of World Religions |location=Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-226-50989-1|pages=270–274}}</ref> For example, it is recognized as the first public mention of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] in North America;<ref name="Baháʼí-mentions">{{cite web | title = First Public Mentions of the Baháʼí Faith | publisher =Baháʼí Information Office of the UK | date =1998 | url =http://bahai-library.com/first_public_mentions_west | access-date = 25 September 2015}}</ref> it was not taken seriously by European scholars until the 1960s.<ref name="Masuzawa" />

=== Moving walkway ===
[[File:The Great Wharf, Moving Sidewalk.PNG|thumb|The Great Wharf, Moving Sidewalk]]

Along the banks of the lake, patrons on the way to the casino were taken on a [[moving walkway]] designed by architect [[Joseph Lyman Silsbee]], the first of its kind open to the public,<ref>Bolotin, Norman, and Christine Laing.  ''The World's Columbian Exposition: the Chicago World's Fair of 1893''. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002.</ref> called ''The Great Wharf, Moving Sidewalk'', it allowed people to walk along or ride in seats.<ref name="Truman1893">{{Cite book | last =Truman | first =Benjamin | title =History of the World's Fair: Being a Complete and Authentic Description of the Columbian Exposition From Its Inception | publisher =J. W. Keller & Co. | year =1893 | location =Philadelphia}}</ref>

=== Horticulture ===
Horticultural exhibits at the Horticultural Hall included [[cacti]] and [[orchid]]s as well as other plants in a [[greenhouse]].