Editing Challenger Deep (section)

===Uncrewed descents near the Challenger Deep===

====2008 – ''ABISMO''====
{{Main|ABISMO}}

In June 2008, the [[Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology]] (JAMSTEC) deployed the research vessel ''Kairei'' to the area of [[Guam]] for cruise KR08-05 Leg 1 and Leg 2.
On 1–3 June 2008, during Leg 1, the Japanese robotic deep-sea probe ''[[ABISMO]]'' (Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile) on dives 11–13 almost reached the bottom about {{convert|150|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of the Challenger Deep: "Unfortunately, we were unable to dive to the sea floor because the legacy primary cable of the Kaiko system was a little bit short. The 2-m long gravity core sampler was dropped in free fall, and sediment samples of 1.6m length were obtained. Twelve bottles of water samples were also obtained at various depths..." ABISMO's dive #14 was into the TOTO caldera (12°42.7777 N, 143°32.4055 E), about 60 nmi northeast of the deepest waters of the ''central'' basin of the Challenger Deep, where they obtained videos of the hydrothermal plume.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.globaloceandesign.com/uploads/3/0/7/4/30747513/2009_into_the_trench_part_1.pdf| title = Yoshida, H. et.al., The ABISMO Mud and Water Sampling ROV for Surveys at 11,000 m Depth, Marine Technology Society Journal, Winter 2009, Volume 43, No. 5, pp. 87–96.| access-date = 15 December 2019| archive-date = 5 May 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190505025229/https://www.globaloceandesign.com/uploads/3/0/7/4/30747513/2009_into_the_trench_part_1.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> Upon successful testing to {{convert|10000|m|0|abbr=on}}, JAMSTEC' ROV ''ABISMO'' became, briefly, the only full-ocean-depth rated ROV in existence. On 31 May 2009, the ABISMO was joined by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's HROV ''Nereus'' as the only two operational full ocean depth capable [[remotely operated vehicle]]s in existence. During the ROV ''ABISMO's'' deepest sea trails dive its [[manometer]] measured a depth of {{convert|10257|m|0|abbr=on}} ±{{convert|3|m|0|abbr=on}} in "Area 1" (vicinity of 12°43' N, 143°33' E).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/catalog/data/doc_catalog/media/KR08-05_leg1-2_all.pdf| title = KAIREI Cruise Report KR08-05 Leg1: Sea Trials of the Deep Ocean ROV ABISMO 2008/05/26 – 2008/06/06 Leg2: 11,000 m class Free Fall Mooring System 2008/06/07 – 2008/06/14| access-date = 3 December 2019| archive-date = 3 December 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191203065524/http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/catalog/data/doc_catalog/media/KR08-05_leg1-2_all.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20080616/| title = "ABISMO", Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile, Succeeds in World's First Multiple Vertical Sampling from Mid-ocean, Sea Floor and Sub-seafloor over Depth of 10,000 m in Mariana Trench 16 June 2008 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology| access-date = 4 June 2015| archive-date = 19 January 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150119201616/http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20080616/| url-status = live}}</ref>

Leg 2, under chief scientist Takashi Murashima, operated at the Challenger Deep 8–9 June 2008, testing JAMSTEC's new full ocean depth "Free Fall Mooring System," i.e. a [[Benthic lander|lander]]. The lander was successfully tested twice to {{convert|10895|m|0|abbr=on}} depth, taking video images and sediment samplings at {{Coord|11|22.14|N|142|25.76|E}}, in the ''central'' basin of the Challenger Deep.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/cruise/kairei/kr08-05_leg2/e| title = KAIREI KR08-05 Leg2 Cruise Data| access-date = 3 December 2019| archive-date = 3 December 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191203065448/http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/cruise/kairei/kr08-05_leg2/e| url-status = live}}</ref>

====2016 – ''Haidou-1''====
On 23 May 2016, the Chinese submersible ''Haidou-1'' dived to a depth of {{convert|10767|m|0|abbr=on}} at an undisclosed position in the Mariana Trench, making China the third country after Japan [[Kaikō ROV|(ROV ''Kaikō'']]), and the US [[Nereus (underwater vehicle)|(HROV ''Nereus'')]], to deploy a full-ocean-depth ROV. This autonomous and remotely operated vehicle has a design depth of {{convert|11000|m|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinadailyasia.com/nation/2016-08/23/content_15483551.html|title=Nitrogen experiment among breakthroughs|last=Xinying|first=Zhao|date=23 August 2016|website=[[China Daily]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133010/https://www.chinadailyasia.com/nation/2016-08/23/content_15483551.html|archive-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>

====2020 – ''Vityaz-D''====
On 8 May 2020, the Russian submersible ''Vityaz-D'' dived to a depth of {{convert|10028|m|0|abbr=on}} at an undisclosed position in the Mariana Trench.<ref>[https://www.rgo.ru/en/article/russian-submarine-vityaz-reached-bottom-mariana-trench RUSSIAN SUBMARINE "VITYAZ" REACHED THE BOTTOM OF THE MARIANA TRENCH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609145725/https://www.rgo.ru/en/article/russian-submarine-vityaz-reached-bottom-mariana-trench |date=9 June 2020 }}, Russian geographical society, 13 May 2020</ref>