Editing Etruscan language (section)

==Vocabulary==
===Borrowings from and to Etruscan===
Only a few hundred words of the Etruscan vocabulary are understood with some certainty. The exact count depends on whether the different forms and the expressions are included. Below is a table of some of the words grouped by topic.<ref>The words in this table come from the Glossaries of Bonfante (1990) and Pallottino. The latter also gives a grouping by topic on pages 275 following, the last chapter of the book.</ref>

Some words with corresponding Latin or other Indo-European forms are likely [[loanword]]s to or from Etruscan. For example, {{Transliteration|ett|neftś}} 'nephew', is probably from Latin (Latin {{Lang|la|nepōs}}'','' {{Lang|la|nepōtis}}; this is a cognate of German {{Lang|de|Neffe}}, Old Norse {{Lang|non-latn|nefi}}). A number of [[wikt:Category:Latin terms derived from Etruscan|words and names]] for which Etruscan origin has been proposed survive in Latin.

The word {{Transliteration|ett|pera}} 'house' is a [[false cognate]] to the [[Coptic language|Coptic]] {{Transliteration|cop|per}} 'house'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sites.davidson.edu/csa/the-etruscan-language/ |title=The Etruscan Language : CSA |access-date=2014-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602084951/http://sites.davidson.edu/csa/the-etruscan-language/ |archive-date=2015-06-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In addition to words believed to have been borrowed into Etruscan from Indo-European or elsewhere, there is a corpus of words such as {{Lang|la|familia}} which seem to have been borrowed into Latin from the older Etruscan civilization as a [[linguistic superstratum|superstrate]] influence.<ref>Theo Vennemann, ''Germania Semitica'', p. 123, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2012.</ref> Some of these words still have widespread currency in [[English language|English]] and [[Latin|Latin-influenced]] languages. Other words believed to have a possible Etruscan origin include:
{{main|List of English words of Etruscan origin}}

; [[arena]] : from {{Transliteration|ett|arēna}} 'arena' < {{Transliteration|ett|harēna}}, 'arena, sand' < archaic {{Transliteration|ett|hasēna}} < Sabine {{Transliteration|sbv|fasēna}}, unknown Etruscan word as the basis for ''fas-'' with Etruscan ending ''-ēna''.<ref>Breyer (1993) p. 259.</ref>
; [[belt (clothing)|belt]] : from {{Transliteration|ett|balteus}}, 'sword belt'; the sole connection between this word and Etruscan is a statement by [[Marcus Terentius Varro]] that it was of Etruscan origin. All else is speculation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Varronianus: A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Ethnography of Ancient Italy and to the Philological Study of the Latin Language|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924021611466|first=John William|last= Donaldson|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924021611466/page/n190 154]|edition=2|publisher=J. W. Parker & Son|year=1852|location=London, Cambridge}} Breyer (1993) pp. 428–429 reports on an attempt to bring in Hittite and Gothic connecting it with a totally speculative root *-lst-.</ref>
; [[Market (economics)|market]] : from Latin {{Lang|la|mercātus}}, of obscure origin, perhaps Etruscan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=market|title=market - Origin and meaning of market |website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>
; [[military]] : from Latin {{Lang|la|mīles}} 'soldier'; either from Etruscan or related to Greek {{Transliteration|grc|homilos}}, 'assembled crowd' (compare ''homily'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=military&allowed_in_frame=0|title=military – Origin and meaning of military |website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>
; [[person]] : from Middle English {{Lang|enm|persone}}, from Old French {{Lang|fro|persone}}, from Latin {{Lang|la|persōna}}, 'mask', probably from Etruscan {{Transliteration|ett|phersu}}, 'mask'.<ref>American Heritage Dictionary, New College Edition, p. 978</ref>
; [[satellite (disambiguation)|satellite]] : from Latin {{Lang|la|satelles}}, meaning 'bodyguard, attendant', perhaps from Etruscan {{Transliteration|ett|satnal}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=satellite&allowed_in_frame=0|title=satellite - Origin and meaning of satellite |website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref> Whatmough considers Latin ''satelles'' "as one of our securest Etruscan loans in Latin."<ref>Whatmough, M. ''Studies in Etruscan loanwords in Latin'' PhD thesis, University College London. 2017. p.251. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10121058/1/Studies_in_the_Etruscan_loanwo.pdf</ref>

=== Etruscan vocabulary ===
====Numerals====
{{main|Etruscan numerals}}
Much debate has been carried out about a possible [[Proto-Indo-European numerals|Indo-European]] origin of the Etruscan cardinals. In the words of [[Larissa Bonfante]] (1990), "What these numerals show, beyond any shadow of a doubt, is the non-Indo-European nature of the Etruscan language".{{sfn|Bonfante|1990|p=22}} Conversely, other scholars, including [[Francisco Rodríguez Adrados|Francisco R. Adrados]], Albert Carnoy, Marcello Durante, Vladimir Georgiev, Alessandro Morandi and Massimo Pittau, have proposed a close phonetic proximity of the first ten Etruscan numerals to the corresponding numerals in other Indo-European languages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carnoy |first1=A. |title=LA LANGUE ÉTRUSQUE ET SES ORIGINES |journal=L'Antiquité Classique |date=1952 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=289–331 |doi=10.3406/antiq.1952.3451 |jstor=41643730 }}</ref><ref>Morandi, A., ''Nuovi lineamenti di lingua etrusca'', Erre Emme (Roma, 1991), chapter IV.</ref><ref>Pittau, M., "I numerali Etruschi", ''Atti del Sodalizio Glottologico Milanese'', vol. XXXV–XXXVI, 1994/1995 (1996), pp.&nbsp;95–105. ([http://www.pittau.it/Etrusco/Studi/dadi.html])</ref>

The lower Etruscan numerals are:{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=96}}

# {{Transliteration|ett|θu}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|zal}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|ci}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|huθ}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|maχ}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|śa}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|semφ}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|cezp}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|nurφ}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|śar}}

It is unclear which of {{Transliteration|ett|semφ}}, {{Transliteration|ett|cezp}}, and {{Transliteration|ett|nurφ}} are 7, 8 and 9. {{Transliteration|ett|Śar}} may also mean 'twelve', with {{Transliteration|ett|halχ}} for 'ten'.

For higher numbers, it has been determined that {{Transliteration|ett|zaθrum}} is 20, {{Transliteration|ett|cealχ/*cialχ}} 30, {{Transliteration|ett|*huθalχ}} 40, {{Transliteration|ett|muvalχ}} 50, {{Transliteration|ett|šealχ}} 60, and {{Transliteration|ett|semφalχ}} and {{Transliteration|ett|cezpalχ}} any two in the series 70–90. {{Transliteration|ett|Śran}} is 100 (clearly < {{Transliteration|ett|śar}} 10, just as Proto-Indo-European {{Lang|ine-x-proto|dḱm̥tom-}} 100 is from {{Lang|ine-x-proto|deḱm-}} 10). Further, {{Transliteration|ett|θun-z, e-sl-z, ci-z(i)}} mean 'once, twice, and thrice' respectively; {{Transliteration|ett|θun[š]na}} and {{Transliteration|ett|*kisna}} 'first' and 'third'; {{Transliteration|ett|θunur, zelur}} 'one by one', 'two by two'; and {{Transliteration|ett|zelarve-}} and {{Transliteration|ett|śarve}} are 'double' and 'quadruple'.<ref name=Belfiore2020/>

====Core vocabulary====
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2020}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Etruscan
! English
|-
!colspan=2|Family
|-
| ''apa''{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| father 
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|apana}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| paternal
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|papa, papacs}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| grandfather
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ati, ativu}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| mother
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ati nacna}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| grandmother
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|puia}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| wife
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tusurθir}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| married couple
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|clan, clenar (plural)}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| son
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|papals, papacs}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| of the grandfather, grandson
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|sec, sech}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| daughter
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ruva}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| brother
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|neftś, nefś, nefiś}}<ref>Brown, John Parman. ''Israel and Hellas''. Vol. 2. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. 2000. p. 212 (footnote nr. 39). {{ISBN|3-11-014233-3}}</ref>{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| nephew (Latin: {{lang|la|nepot-}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|prumaθ, prumaθś, prumats, prumts}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| great-nephew or great-grandson
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|nene}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|snenaθ, snenath}}
| maid, companion
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|hus-}}
| youth
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|husiur}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| children
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|pava}}
| boy
|-
| ''taliθa''
| girl, in the specific sense of "marriageable girl", or a proper name (attested only once in a mirror, 400-350 BC from Vulci. Likely a proper name rendering of the accusative case of the Greek {{lang|grc-latn|talis}}, {{lang|grc|Τάλις}}. Greek: {{lang|grc-latn|Talitha}}, {{lang|grc|ταλιθα}})<ref name=Sassatelli>{{cite book |date= |year=1981|chapter=Collezione Palagi Bologna|editor1-last=Sassatelli |editor1-first=Giuseppe|title = Corpus speculorum Etruscorum: Italia. Bologna - Museo Civico. 1 |language=Italian |volume=1 |others= |edition= |location=Rome |publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider|publication-date=1981 |page= |pages=57-58 |isbn= 9788870625073}}</ref><ref name=Grummond1982>{{cite book| author-link = Nancy Thomson de Grummond| last = Thomson De Grummond | first = Nancy|author2=|author-link2= | title = A Guide to Etruscan Mirrors| location = Florida| publisher =Archaeological News| year = 1982| page = 111| isbn = 9780943254005| url=|quote=The girl is inscribed taliṭha, which may be the Etruscan rendering of the accusative case of the Greek talis, “marriageable maiden,” rather than the name of a particular girl. Taliṭha constitutes an interesting parallel to the figure of Malavisch (q.v.) who appears in grooming scenes and may also be a marriageable girl or bride, but who always appears fully dressed.}}</ref><ref name=vandermeer1995>{{cite book| author-link = Lammert Bouke van der Meer| last = Bouke van der Meer | first = Lammert|author2=|author-link2= | title = Interpretatio Etrusca: Greek Myths on Etruscan Mirrors| location = Leiden| publisher =Brill| year = 1995| page = 183| isbn = 978-90-50-63477-9| url=|quote=The name Talitha, as A.J. Pfiffig has pointed out, is derived from Gr. talida, acc. of talis (marriageable girl). Ancient literary sources do not relate any story on the Lydian king and an anonymous girl.}}</ref>{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=197}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lautun, lautn}}
| gens, people (IE {{lang|ine-x-proto|*h₁lewdʰ-}}, 'people')<ref>Massarelli, Riccardo (University of Perugia): "Etruscan lautun: A (very old) Italic loanword?'". Poster presented at the Second Pavia International Summer School for Indo-European Linguistics. 9–14 September 2013. [https://allegatifac.unipv.it/caterinamauri/sitovecchio/605488945_Massarelli%20-%20Etruscan%20lautun.pdf]</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lautni}}
| freedman (IE {{lang|ine-x-proto|*h₁léwdʰ-eros}}, 'free', 'pertaining to the people')
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lautniθa, lautnita}}
| freedwoman
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|etera, eteri}}
| foreigner, slave, client (Greek {{lang|grc|ἕτερος}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|afr-}} 
| ancestors<ref name="Meer, B p. 337">van der Meer, B. "The Lead Plaque of Magliano" in: Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino. Milano 2013 (Quaderni di Acme 134) p. 337</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|nacnvaia}} 
| those who come next (that is ''posterity''){{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=106}}
|-
!colspan=2|Society
|-
|{{Transliteration|ett|aesar}}<ref>Cassius Dio Roman History 56,29,4</ref>
| god
|-
|{{Transliteration|ett|Rasenna}}, {{Transliteration|ett|Rasna}}
| Etruscans?
|-
|{{Transliteration|ett|meχl Rasnal}}
| Etruria?, or equivalent to Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|pes}}
| land
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tul}}
| stone
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tular, tularu}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234>{{cite book |last1=Pallottino |first1=Massimo |year=1955 |title=The Etruscans |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=225–234 |oclc=1061432 }}</ref>
| boundaries
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tular rasnal}}
| public boundaries
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tular spural}}
| city boundaries
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|vaχr}}
| contract
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tudthi, tuθiu, tuθi, tuti}}
| state
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tuθin, tuθina}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| public
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|mech}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| people
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|meχl, meθlum}}
| nation, league, district
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|spur, śpur}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| {{lang|la|civitas}}, {{lang|la|populus}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|spureni, spurana}}
| civic
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|θruna}}
| sovereignty
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lucair}}
| to rule
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lauχum}}
| king, prince
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lauχumna}}
| regal, palace
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tenve, tenine,}}<br>{{Transliteration|ett|tenu, tenθas}}
| hold office
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|zil, zilac, zilc,}}<br>{{Transliteration|ett|zilaχ, zilath}}
| praetor
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|camthi}}
| rowspan=7 |unknown magistrates<br>or magistracies
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ceχase}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|parniχ}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|macstreve}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|maru, marunu, marniu,}}<br>{{Transliteration|ett|marunuχ, maruχva}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|purθ, purθne}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tamera}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen, cipen}}
| priest<ref name=Meer2007p42>{{cite book |last1=Meer |first1=L. Bouke van der |title=Linen Book of Zagreb |date=2007 |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-2024-8 |page=42 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen tutin}}
| village priest?<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen ceren}}
| tomb priest<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen θaurχ}}
| tomb priest<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen cilθ-cva}}
| priest of the citadel-s/hilltop-s<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen cnticn-θ}}
| local priest?<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen χuru}}
| arch-priest?<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Etruscan
! English
|-
!colspan=2|Time
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tin-}}
| day; cf. ''[[Tinia]]''<ref>Turfa, Jean MacIntosh. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0-7IKXex46QC&dq=%22tinia%22+etruscan+day&pg=PA108 Divining the Etruscan World: The Brontoscopic Calendar and Religious Practice]''. Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 108. {{ISBN|978-1-139-53640-0}}.</ref><ref>Thomson de Grummond, Nancy. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TVAtdzbV-yIC&dq=%22tinia%22+etruscan+day&pg=PA53 Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend]''. UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 2006. p. 53. {{ISBN|978-1-931707-86-2}}.</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|θesan}}
| morning, day; cf. ''[[Thesan]]''<ref>Turfa, Jean MacIntosh. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=su8gAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22thesan%22+etruscan+day&pg=PA109 Divining the Etruscan World: The Brontoscopic Calendar and Religious Practice]''. Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 109. {{ISBN|978-1-139-53640-0}}.</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|uslane}}
| at noon
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tiur, tivr, tiu}}
| month, moon<ref>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. pp. 171–172</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|avil}}
| year
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ril}}
| at the age of<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Velcitna}}<ref name="Van Der Meer 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Van Der Meer |first1=Bouke |title=Some comments on the Tabula Capuana |journal=Studi Etruschi |volume=77 |year=2015 |pages=149–175 |url=https://www.studietruschi.net/it/articolo/some-comment-on-the-tabula-capuana/1844 |access-date=2022-11-19 |archive-date=2022-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119202930/https://www.studietruschi.net/it/articolo/some-comment-on-the-tabula-capuana/1844 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| March
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|c-Apre-}}<ref name="Van Der Meer 2015"/>
| April
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Ampile}}
| May
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Acale}}
| June
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Hermi}}
| August or summer?
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Celi}}
| September
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Chosfer}}
| October
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Masan, Masn}}
| unknown month?
|-
!colspan=2|Nature
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|anθa}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| northwind, eagle (Latin: {{lang|la|aquila}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|arac}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| sparrow-hawk, falcon (possibly Greek {{lang|grc|ἱέραξ}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|arim}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| monkey
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|capu}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| falcon
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|falatu}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| sky
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|hiuls}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| screech-owl
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|leu}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| lion (Latin: {{lang|la|leo}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|pulumχva}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| stars
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|thamna}}
| horse
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|thevru}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| bull (Latin: {{lang|la|taurus}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tisś}}
| lake
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tiu}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| moon
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|θi}}
| water
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|usil}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| sun (Latin: {{lang|la|sol}}); Cf. [[Usil]]
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|vers-}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| fire
|-
!colspan=2|Vessels
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|aska}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| Greek [[Typology of Greek Vase Shapes|ἄσκος]] {{Transliteration|ett|áskos}} 'wineskin'
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|aska eleivana}}
| olive oil flask
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cape, capi}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| container (perhaps Latin {{lang|la|capio}} 'take' or {{lang|la|capis}} 'one-handled bowl')
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|capra}}
| urn
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cletram}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| Umbrian {{lang|xum|kletra}}, a basin or basket
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|culiχna}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| [[Kylix (drinking cup)|κύλιξ]], a large wine-cup
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cupe}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| {{lang|grc|κύπη}} or Latin {{lang|la|cūpa}}, English ''cup''
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|leχtum}}
| [[Lekythos|λήκυθος]], a small bottle
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|leχtumuza}}
| a small lechtum
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|patna}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| {{lang|grc|πατάνη}}, a bowl
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|pruχ, pruχum}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| {{lang|grc|πρόχоυς}}, a ewer
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|qutun, qutum}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| [[Typology of Greek Vase Shapes|κώθων]], a vessel of [[Laconia]]
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|qutumuza}}
| small qutum
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|θafna}}
| chalice
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|θina, tina}}
| derived from {{Transliteration|ett|θi}} 'water'
|-
!colspan=2|Common verbs
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|a-cas}}
| to make (an offering...)<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|am-}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| to be
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ar}}
| to make sacred<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ara}}
| to dedicate<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cenu}}
| (is) obtained<ref name="ReferenceA">Facchetti, Giulio M. Frammenti di diritto privato etrusco. Firenze. 2000</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cer-}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| to make, construct
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cesu}}
| to place, lay, deposit<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lupu}}
| to die<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|mal-}}
| (over)see; reflect?<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|mene-}} 
| make (a dedication?)<ref name="Meer, B p. 337"/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|mulu-}}
| to offer, give<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|nunθe-}}
| invoke, offer<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|pi-cas-}}
| make (an offering) (compare {{Transliteration|ett|
a-cas-}} above)<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|sac-}}
| carry out a sacred act; consecrate<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ścu-}}
| make good, finish (compare {{Transliteration|ett|ścuna}} "(proper) use")<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|sval}}
| to live<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|thamu-}}
| establish, erect<ref>Tarabella, Massimo Morandi (2004). Prosopographia etrusca. L'Erma di Bretschneider. {{ISBN|88-8265-304-8}}</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|trin-}}
| to say<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|trut}}
| officiate<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tur-}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| to give
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|zin}}
| to work, decorate<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|zivas}}
| to live<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ziχ-}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| to write, engrave
|}
{{col-end}}