Editing Classical conditioning (section)

===Pavlovian-instrumental transfer===
{{Main|Pavlovian-instrumental transfer}}
{{expand section|date=May 2017}}
Pavlovian-instrumental transfer is a phenomenon that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS, also known as a "cue") that has been associated with [[reward system|rewarding]] or [[aversives|aversive]] [[stimulus (psychology)|stimuli]] via classical conditioning alters [[motivational salience]] and [[operant behavior]].<ref name="Pavlovian-instrumental transfer review">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cartoni E, Puglisi-Allegra S, Baldassarre G |title=The three principles of action: a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer hypothesis |journal=Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience |volume=7 |pages=153 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24312025 |pmc=3832805 |doi=10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00153 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Aversive PIT in humans - review">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geurts DE, Huys QJ, den Ouden HE, Cools R |title=Aversive Pavlovian control of instrumental behavior in humans |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1428–41 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23691985 |doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00425 |s2cid=6453291 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/90321/1/Geurts_et_al_Aversive_Pavlovian-control.pdf |access-date=2019-01-06 |archive-date=2019-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501131424/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/90321/1/Geurts_et_al_Aversive_Pavlovian-control.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pavlovian-instrumental transfer of reward - review">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cartoni E, Balleine B, Baldassarre G |title=Appetitive Pavlovian-instrumental Transfer: A review |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=71 |pages=829–848 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27693227 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.020 |quote=This paper reviews one of the experimental paradigms used to study the effects of cues, the Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer paradigm. In this paradigm, cues associated with rewards through Pavlovian conditioning alter motivation and choice of instrumental actions.&nbsp;... Predictive cues are an important part of our life that continuously influence and guide our actions. Hearing the sound of a horn makes us stop before we attempt to cross the street. Seeing an advertisement for fast food might make us hungry and lead us to seek out a specific type and source of food. In general, cues can both prompt us towards or stop us from engaging in a certain course of action. They can be adaptive (saving our life in crossing the street) or maladaptive, leading to suboptimal choices, e.g. making us eat when we are not really hungry (Colagiuri and Lovibond, 2015). In extreme cases they can even play a part in pathologies such as in addiction, where drug associated cues produce craving and provoke relapse (Belin et al., 2009). |doi-access=free|hdl=11573/932246 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Mesolimbic computation of reward motivation review">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berridge KC |title=From prediction error to incentive salience: mesolimbic computation of reward motivation |journal=The European Journal of Neuroscience |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=1124–43 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22487042 |pmc=3325516 |doi=10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.07990.x |quote=Incentive salience or 'wanting' is a specific form of Pavlovian-related motivation for rewards mediated by mesocorticolimbic brain systems&nbsp;...Incentive salience integrates two separate input factors: (1) current physiological neurobiological state; (2) previously learned associations about the reward cue, or Pavlovian CS&nbsp;...<br />Cue-triggered 'wanting' for the UCS<br />A brief CS encounter (or brief UCS encounter) often primes a pulse of elevated motivation to obtain and consume more reward UCS. This is a signature feature of incentive salience. In daily life, the smell of food may make you suddenly feel hungry, when you hadn't felt that way a minute before. In animal neuroscience experiments, a CS for reward may trigger a more frenzied pulse of increased instrumental efforts to obtain that associated UCS reward in situations that purify the measurement of incentive salience, such as in Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) experiments&nbsp;... Similarly, including a CS can often spur increased consumption of a reward UCS by rats or people, compared to consumption of the same UCS when CSs are absent&nbsp;... Thus Pavlovian cues can elicit pulses of increased motivation to consume their UCS reward, whetting and intensifying the appetite. However, the motivation power is never simply in the cues themselves or their associations, since cue-triggered motivation can be easily modulated and reversed by drugs, hungers, satieties, etc., as discussed below.}}</ref> In a typical experiment, a rat is presented with sound-food pairings (classical conditioning). Separately, the rat learns to press a lever to get food (operant conditioning). Test sessions now show that the rat presses the lever faster in the presence of the sound than in silence, although the sound has never been associated with lever pressing.

Pavlovian-instrumental transfer is suggested to play a role in the [[differential outcomes effect]], a procedure which enhances operant discrimination by pairing stimuli with specific outcomes.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}