Editing Etruscan language (section)

=== Etruscan vocabulary ===
====Numerals====
{{main|Etruscan numerals}}
Much debate has been carried out about a possible [[Proto-Indo-European numerals|Indo-European]] origin of the Etruscan cardinals. In the words of [[Larissa Bonfante]] (1990), "What these numerals show, beyond any shadow of a doubt, is the non-Indo-European nature of the Etruscan language".{{sfn|Bonfante|1990|p=22}} Conversely, other scholars, including [[Francisco Rodríguez Adrados|Francisco R. Adrados]], Albert Carnoy, Marcello Durante, Vladimir Georgiev, Alessandro Morandi and Massimo Pittau, have proposed a close phonetic proximity of the first ten Etruscan numerals to the corresponding numerals in other Indo-European languages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carnoy |first1=A. |title=LA LANGUE ÉTRUSQUE ET SES ORIGINES |journal=L'Antiquité Classique |date=1952 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=289–331 |doi=10.3406/antiq.1952.3451 |jstor=41643730 }}</ref><ref>Morandi, A., ''Nuovi lineamenti di lingua etrusca'', Erre Emme (Roma, 1991), chapter IV.</ref><ref>Pittau, M., "I numerali Etruschi", ''Atti del Sodalizio Glottologico Milanese'', vol. XXXV–XXXVI, 1994/1995 (1996), pp.&nbsp;95–105. ([http://www.pittau.it/Etrusco/Studi/dadi.html])</ref>

The lower Etruscan numerals are:{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=96}}

# {{Transliteration|ett|θu}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|zal}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|ci}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|huθ}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|maχ}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|śa}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|semφ}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|cezp}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|nurφ}}
# {{Transliteration|ett|śar}}

It is unclear which of {{Transliteration|ett|semφ}}, {{Transliteration|ett|cezp}}, and {{Transliteration|ett|nurφ}} are 7, 8 and 9. {{Transliteration|ett|Śar}} may also mean 'twelve', with {{Transliteration|ett|halχ}} for 'ten'.

For higher numbers, it has been determined that {{Transliteration|ett|zaθrum}} is 20, {{Transliteration|ett|cealχ/*cialχ}} 30, {{Transliteration|ett|*huθalχ}} 40, {{Transliteration|ett|muvalχ}} 50, {{Transliteration|ett|šealχ}} 60, and {{Transliteration|ett|semφalχ}} and {{Transliteration|ett|cezpalχ}} any two in the series 70–90. {{Transliteration|ett|Śran}} is 100 (clearly < {{Transliteration|ett|śar}} 10, just as Proto-Indo-European {{Lang|ine-x-proto|dḱm̥tom-}} 100 is from {{Lang|ine-x-proto|deḱm-}} 10). Further, {{Transliteration|ett|θun-z, e-sl-z, ci-z(i)}} mean 'once, twice, and thrice' respectively; {{Transliteration|ett|θun[š]na}} and {{Transliteration|ett|*kisna}} 'first' and 'third'; {{Transliteration|ett|θunur, zelur}} 'one by one', 'two by two'; and {{Transliteration|ett|zelarve-}} and {{Transliteration|ett|śarve}} are 'double' and 'quadruple'.<ref name=Belfiore2020/>

====Core vocabulary====
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2020}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Etruscan
! English
|-
!colspan=2|Family
|-
| ''apa''{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| father 
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|apana}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| paternal
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|papa, papacs}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| grandfather
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ati, ativu}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| mother
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ati nacna}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| grandmother
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|puia}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| wife
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tusurθir}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| married couple
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|clan, clenar (plural)}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| son
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|papals, papacs}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| of the grandfather, grandson
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|sec, sech}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| daughter
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ruva}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| brother
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|neftś, nefś, nefiś}}<ref>Brown, John Parman. ''Israel and Hellas''. Vol. 2. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. 2000. p. 212 (footnote nr. 39). {{ISBN|3-11-014233-3}}</ref>{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| nephew (Latin: {{lang|la|nepot-}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|prumaθ, prumaθś, prumats, prumts}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| great-nephew or great-grandson
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|nene}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|snenaθ, snenath}}
| maid, companion
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|hus-}}
| youth
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|husiur}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=111}}
| children
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|pava}}
| boy
|-
| ''taliθa''
| girl, in the specific sense of "marriageable girl", or a proper name (attested only once in a mirror, 400-350 BC from Vulci. Likely a proper name rendering of the accusative case of the Greek {{lang|grc-latn|talis}}, {{lang|grc|Τάλις}}. Greek: {{lang|grc-latn|Talitha}}, {{lang|grc|ταλιθα}})<ref name=Sassatelli>{{cite book |date= |year=1981|chapter=Collezione Palagi Bologna|editor1-last=Sassatelli |editor1-first=Giuseppe|title = Corpus speculorum Etruscorum: Italia. Bologna - Museo Civico. 1 |language=Italian |volume=1 |others= |edition= |location=Rome |publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider|publication-date=1981 |page= |pages=57-58 |isbn= 9788870625073}}</ref><ref name=Grummond1982>{{cite book| author-link = Nancy Thomson de Grummond| last = Thomson De Grummond | first = Nancy|author2=|author-link2= | title = A Guide to Etruscan Mirrors| location = Florida| publisher =Archaeological News| year = 1982| page = 111| isbn = 9780943254005| url=|quote=The girl is inscribed taliṭha, which may be the Etruscan rendering of the accusative case of the Greek talis, “marriageable maiden,” rather than the name of a particular girl. Taliṭha constitutes an interesting parallel to the figure of Malavisch (q.v.) who appears in grooming scenes and may also be a marriageable girl or bride, but who always appears fully dressed.}}</ref><ref name=vandermeer1995>{{cite book| author-link = Lammert Bouke van der Meer| last = Bouke van der Meer | first = Lammert|author2=|author-link2= | title = Interpretatio Etrusca: Greek Myths on Etruscan Mirrors| location = Leiden| publisher =Brill| year = 1995| page = 183| isbn = 978-90-50-63477-9| url=|quote=The name Talitha, as A.J. Pfiffig has pointed out, is derived from Gr. talida, acc. of talis (marriageable girl). Ancient literary sources do not relate any story on the Lydian king and an anonymous girl.}}</ref>{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=197}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lautun, lautn}}
| gens, people (IE {{lang|ine-x-proto|*h₁lewdʰ-}}, 'people')<ref>Massarelli, Riccardo (University of Perugia): "Etruscan lautun: A (very old) Italic loanword?'". Poster presented at the Second Pavia International Summer School for Indo-European Linguistics. 9–14 September 2013. [https://allegatifac.unipv.it/caterinamauri/sitovecchio/605488945_Massarelli%20-%20Etruscan%20lautun.pdf]</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lautni}}
| freedman (IE {{lang|ine-x-proto|*h₁léwdʰ-eros}}, 'free', 'pertaining to the people')
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lautniθa, lautnita}}
| freedwoman
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|etera, eteri}}
| foreigner, slave, client (Greek {{lang|grc|ἕτερος}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|afr-}} 
| ancestors<ref name="Meer, B p. 337">van der Meer, B. "The Lead Plaque of Magliano" in: Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino. Milano 2013 (Quaderni di Acme 134) p. 337</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|nacnvaia}} 
| those who come next (that is ''posterity''){{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=106}}
|-
!colspan=2|Society
|-
|{{Transliteration|ett|aesar}}<ref>Cassius Dio Roman History 56,29,4</ref>
| god
|-
|{{Transliteration|ett|Rasenna}}, {{Transliteration|ett|Rasna}}
| Etruscans?
|-
|{{Transliteration|ett|meχl Rasnal}}
| Etruria?, or equivalent to Latin {{lang|la|res publica}}<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|pes}}
| land
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tul}}
| stone
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tular, tularu}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234>{{cite book |last1=Pallottino |first1=Massimo |year=1955 |title=The Etruscans |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=225–234 |oclc=1061432 }}</ref>
| boundaries
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tular rasnal}}
| public boundaries
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tular spural}}
| city boundaries
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|vaχr}}
| contract
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tudthi, tuθiu, tuθi, tuti}}
| state
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tuθin, tuθina}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| public
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|mech}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| people
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|meχl, meθlum}}
| nation, league, district
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|spur, śpur}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| {{lang|la|civitas}}, {{lang|la|populus}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|spureni, spurana}}
| civic
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|θruna}}
| sovereignty
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lucair}}
| to rule
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lauχum}}
| king, prince
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lauχumna}}
| regal, palace
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tenve, tenine,}}<br>{{Transliteration|ett|tenu, tenθas}}
| hold office
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|zil, zilac, zilc,}}<br>{{Transliteration|ett|zilaχ, zilath}}
| praetor
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|camthi}}
| rowspan=7 |unknown magistrates<br>or magistracies
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ceχase}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|parniχ}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|macstreve}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|maru, marunu, marniu,}}<br>{{Transliteration|ett|marunuχ, maruχva}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|purθ, purθne}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tamera}}
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen, cipen}}
| priest<ref name=Meer2007p42>{{cite book |last1=Meer |first1=L. Bouke van der |title=Linen Book of Zagreb |date=2007 |publisher=Peeters |isbn=978-90-429-2024-8 |page=42 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen tutin}}
| village priest?<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen ceren}}
| tomb priest<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen θaurχ}}
| tomb priest<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen cilθ-cva}}
| priest of the citadel-s/hilltop-s<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen cnticn-θ}}
| local priest?<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cepen χuru}}
| arch-priest?<ref name=Meer2007p42/>
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Etruscan
! English
|-
!colspan=2|Time
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tin-}}
| day; cf. ''[[Tinia]]''<ref>Turfa, Jean MacIntosh. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0-7IKXex46QC&dq=%22tinia%22+etruscan+day&pg=PA108 Divining the Etruscan World: The Brontoscopic Calendar and Religious Practice]''. Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 108. {{ISBN|978-1-139-53640-0}}.</ref><ref>Thomson de Grummond, Nancy. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TVAtdzbV-yIC&dq=%22tinia%22+etruscan+day&pg=PA53 Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend]''. UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 2006. p. 53. {{ISBN|978-1-931707-86-2}}.</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|θesan}}
| morning, day; cf. ''[[Thesan]]''<ref>Turfa, Jean MacIntosh. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=su8gAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22thesan%22+etruscan+day&pg=PA109 Divining the Etruscan World: The Brontoscopic Calendar and Religious Practice]''. Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 109. {{ISBN|978-1-139-53640-0}}.</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|uslane}}
| at noon
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tiur, tivr, tiu}}
| month, moon<ref>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. pp. 171–172</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|avil}}
| year
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ril}}
| at the age of<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Velcitna}}<ref name="Van Der Meer 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Van Der Meer |first1=Bouke |title=Some comments on the Tabula Capuana |journal=Studi Etruschi |volume=77 |year=2015 |pages=149–175 |url=https://www.studietruschi.net/it/articolo/some-comment-on-the-tabula-capuana/1844 |access-date=2022-11-19 |archive-date=2022-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119202930/https://www.studietruschi.net/it/articolo/some-comment-on-the-tabula-capuana/1844 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| March
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|c-Apre-}}<ref name="Van Der Meer 2015"/>
| April
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Ampile}}
| May
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Acale}}
| June
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Hermi}}
| August or summer?
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Celi}}
| September
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Chosfer}}
| October
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|Masan, Masn}}
| unknown month?
|-
!colspan=2|Nature
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|anθa}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| northwind, eagle (Latin: {{lang|la|aquila}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|arac}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| sparrow-hawk, falcon (possibly Greek {{lang|grc|ἱέραξ}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|arim}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| monkey
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|capu}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| falcon
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|falatu}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| sky
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|hiuls}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| screech-owl
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|leu}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| lion (Latin: {{lang|la|leo}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|pulumχva}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| stars
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|thamna}}
| horse
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|thevru}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| bull (Latin: {{lang|la|taurus}})
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tisś}}
| lake
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tiu}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| moon
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|θi}}
| water
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|usil}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| sun (Latin: {{lang|la|sol}}); Cf. [[Usil]]
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|vers-}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| fire
|-
!colspan=2|Vessels
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|aska}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| Greek [[Typology of Greek Vase Shapes|ἄσκος]] {{Transliteration|ett|áskos}} 'wineskin'
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|aska eleivana}}
| olive oil flask
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cape, capi}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| container (perhaps Latin {{lang|la|capio}} 'take' or {{lang|la|capis}} 'one-handled bowl')
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|capra}}
| urn
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cletram}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| Umbrian {{lang|xum|kletra}}, a basin or basket
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|culiχna}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| [[Kylix (drinking cup)|κύλιξ]], a large wine-cup
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cupe}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| {{lang|grc|κύπη}} or Latin {{lang|la|cūpa}}, English ''cup''
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|leχtum}}
| [[Lekythos|λήκυθος]], a small bottle
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|leχtumuza}}
| a small lechtum
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|patna}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| {{lang|grc|πατάνη}}, a bowl
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|pruχ, pruχum}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| {{lang|grc|πρόχоυς}}, a ewer
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|qutun, qutum}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| [[Typology of Greek Vase Shapes|κώθων]], a vessel of [[Laconia]]
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|qutumuza}}
| small qutum
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|θafna}}
| chalice
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|θina, tina}}
| derived from {{Transliteration|ett|θi}} 'water'
|-
!colspan=2|Common verbs
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|a-cas}}
| to make (an offering...)<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|am-}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| to be
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ar}}
| to make sacred<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ara}}
| to dedicate<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cenu}}
| (is) obtained<ref name="ReferenceA">Facchetti, Giulio M. Frammenti di diritto privato etrusco. Firenze. 2000</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cer-}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| to make, construct
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|cesu}}
| to place, lay, deposit<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|lupu}}
| to die<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|mal-}}
| (over)see; reflect?<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|mene-}} 
| make (a dedication?)<ref name="Meer, B p. 337"/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|mulu-}}
| to offer, give<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|nunθe-}}
| invoke, offer<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|pi-cas-}}
| make (an offering) (compare {{Transliteration|ett|
a-cas-}} above)<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|sac-}}
| carry out a sacred act; consecrate<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ścu-}}
| make good, finish (compare {{Transliteration|ett|ścuna}} "(proper) use")<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|sval}}
| to live<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|thamu-}}
| establish, erect<ref>Tarabella, Massimo Morandi (2004). Prosopographia etrusca. L'Erma di Bretschneider. {{ISBN|88-8265-304-8}}</ref>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|trin-}}
| to say<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|trut}}
| officiate<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|tur-}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| to give
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|zin}}
| to work, decorate<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|zivas}}
| to live<ref name=Belfiore2020/>
|-
| {{Transliteration|ett|ziχ-}}<ref name=Pallottino1955p225-234/>
| to write, engrave
|}
{{col-end}}