Editing Multiple sclerosis (section)

=== Metformin ===
A 2019 study on rats and a 2024 study on mice showed that a first-line medication for the treatment of [[type 2 diabetes]], [[metformin]], could promote [[remyelination]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neumann B, Baror R, Zhao C, Segel M, Dietmann S, Rawji KS, Foerster S, McClain CR, Chalut K, van Wijngaarden P, Franklin RJ | title = Metformin Restores CNS Remyelination Capacity by Rejuvenating Aged Stem Cells | journal = Cell Stem Cell | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 473–485.e8 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31585093 | pmc = 6863391 | doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilbert EA, Livingston J, Flores EG, Khan M, Kandavel H, Morshead CM | title = Metformin treatment reduces inflammation, dysmyelination and disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis | journal = Brain Research | volume = 1822 | pages = 148648 | date = January 2024 | pmid = 37890574 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148648 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The promising drug is currently being researched on humans in the Octopus trials, a multi-arm, multi-stage trial, focussed on testing existing drugs for other conditions on patients with MS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=New treatment hope as world-first MS mega-trial opens site in Northern Ireland |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/News/Allnews/featured-research/new-treatment-world-first-ms-mega-trial-opens-site-northern-ireland.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.qub.ac.uk |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730074954/https://www.qub.ac.uk/News/Allnews/featured-research/new-treatment-world-first-ms-mega-trial-opens-site-northern-ireland.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Currently, clinical trials on humans are ongoing in [[Belgium]], for patients with non-active progressive MS,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = De Keersmaecker AV, Van Doninck E, Popescu V, Willem L, Cambron M, Laureys G, D' Haeseleer M, Bjerke M, Roelant E, Lemmerling M, D'hooghe MB, Derdelinckx J, Reynders T, Willekens B | title = A metformin add-on clinical study in multiple sclerosis to evaluate brain remyelination and neurodegeneration (MACSiMiSE-BRAIN): study protocol for a multi-center randomized placebo controlled clinical trial | language = English | journal = Frontiers in Immunology | volume = 15 | pages = 1362629 | date = 2024-02-21 | pmid = 38680485 | pmc = 11046490 | doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362629 | doi-access = free }}</ref> in the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]], in combination with [[clemastine]] for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can metformin and clemastine repair myelin in people with MS? |url=https://www.mssociety.org.uk/research/explore-our-research/search-our-research-projects/can-metformin-clemastine-repair-myelin-people-MS |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=MS Society UK |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730074950/https://www.mssociety.org.uk/research/explore-our-research/search-our-research-projects/can-metformin-clemastine-repair-myelin-people-MS |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Canada]], for MS patients up to 25 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visual & Neurocognitive Outcomes |url=https://lab.research.sickkids.ca/neuroinflamm/research/visual-neurocognitive-outcomes/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Paediatric Neuroinflammatory Disorders Program |language=en-CA |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730074959/https://lab.research.sickkids.ca/neuroinflamm/research/visual-neurocognitive-outcomes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Metformin |url=https://www.mssociety.org.uk/research/explore-our-research/emerging-research-and-treatments/explore-treatments-in-trials/metformin |website=Multiple Sclerosis Society |access-date=30 July 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730074951/https://www.mssociety.org.uk/research/explore-our-research/emerging-research-and-treatments/explore-treatments-in-trials/metformin |url-status=live }}</ref>