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Urfa
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=== Literature === Urfa has a long history of literature, going back to early Christian writers such as [[Bardaisan]] and [[Ibas of Edessa]].<ref name="Saraç 2018"/>{{rp|106}} A prominent medieval writer from Urfa was the 9th century Arabic author [[al-Ruhawi]], whose ''[[Adab al-Tabib]]'' covered the topic of [[medical ethics]].<ref name="Levey 1967">{{cite journal |last1=Levey |first1=Martin |title=Medical Ethics of Medieval Islam with Special Reference to Al-Ruhāwī's "Practical Ethics of the Physician" |journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |date=1967 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=1–100 |doi=10.2307/1006137 |jstor=1006137 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1006137 |access-date=28 December 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|8}} Later, from the 1600s to the 20th century, ''[[divan (poetry)|divan]]'' poetry became popular in Urfa.<ref name="Saraç 2018"/>{{rp|107}} The popularity of divan poetry in Urfa is unusual because, by the 1600s, Urfa was not a major center of learning that would typically be expected to produce a lot of poetry.<ref name="Saraç 2018"/>{{rp|107}} In all, 130 different Urfali poets are known from this period.<ref name="Saraç 2018"/>{{rp|107}} A few of them are [[Yusuf Nabi|Nâbî]], Ömer Nüzhet, Admî, Fehim, Hikmet, Şevket, Sakıb, and Emin.<ref name="Saraç 2018"/>{{rp|108}} Many of them were Sufis, affiliated with orders like the [[Bektashi]]s, [[Mevlevi Order|Mevlevi]]s, [[Naqshbandi]]s, [[Qadiriyya|Qadiri]]s, and [[Rifa'i]]s; they gathered in places like the Hasanpaşa Medrese, the İhlasiye Medrese, the Hasan Paşa Medrese, the Sakıbiye Tekke, the Halil’ür Rahman Medrese, the Rızvaniye Medrese, the Dabbakhane Medrese, and the Eyyübî Medrese.<ref name="Saraç 2018"/>{{rp|108}} Urfali divan poets almost exclusively used the [[ghazala]] form, with almost no known examples of the [[qasida]].<ref name="Saraç 2018"/>{{rp|108}}
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