Editing Architecture of India (section)

===Influence in East Asia===

==== Torii, Paifang, Hongsalmun, Sao Ching Cha ====
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| image1 = Kyoto Schrein Fushimi-Inari-taisha Torii 35.jpg
| caption1 = [[Torii]] path leading to [[Fushimi Inari-taisha]]
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| image2 = Paifang - Chengdu, China - DSC05275.jpg
| caption2 = [[Paifang]] in [[Chengdu]], China
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| image3 = Hongsalmun (홍살문) of Heolleung Royal Tomb (헌능).jpg
| caption3 = [[Hongsalmun]] of [[Heonilleung|Heolleung Royal Tomb]]
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| caption4 = [[Giant Swing]] and [[Wat Suthat]]
| image4 = 018-Sao Ching Cha.jpg
| header = Torana Derivatives
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Ancient Indian ''torana'' sacred gateway architecture has influenced gateway architecture across Asia, specially where [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|Buddhism was transmitted from India]]; Chinese [[paifang]] gateways,<ref>Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, Vol 4 part 3, p137-138</ref> Japanese torii gateways,<ref name="tor42">{{cite book|author=Albert Henry Longhurst|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gs1sFlMGy2AC&pg=PA17|title=The Story of the Stūpa|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1992|isbn=978-81-206-0160-4|page=17|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223518/https://books.google.com/books?id=gs1sFlMGy2AC&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Korean [[Hongsalmun]] gateways,<ref name="tor7">{{cite book|author=A.H. Longhurst|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gs1sFlMGy2AC&pg=PA17|title=Story Of The Stupa|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1995|isbn=978-81-206-0160-4|pages=17–|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223518/https://books.google.com/books?id=gs1sFlMGy2AC&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Giant Swing|Sao Ching Cha]] in Thailand<ref name="scheid2">{{cite web|last=Scheid|first=Bernhard|title=Religion in Japan|url=http://www.univie.ac.at/rel_jap/bauten/anm_torii.htm#aussershinto|access-date=12 February 2010|work=Torii|publisher=University of Vienna|language=de|archive-date=28 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828213102/http://www.univie.ac.at/rel_jap/bauten/anm_torii.htm#aussershinto|url-status=live}}</ref> have been derived from the Indian ''torana''. The functions of all are similar, but they generally differ based on their respective architectural styles.<ref name="tor62">{{cite book|author1=Simon Foster|title=Frommer's China|author2=Jen Lin-Liu|author3=Sharon Owyang|author4=Sherisse Pham|author5=Beth Reiber|author6=Lee Wing-sze|publisher=[[Frommers]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-470-52658-3|page=435}}</ref>

The ''torii'', a gateway erected on the approach to every Shinto shrine, may be derived from [[Indianization of Southeast Asia|the Indian word]] ''[[torana]]''. While the Indian term denotes a gateway, the Japanese characters can be translated as "bird perch".<ref>Shôzô Yamaguchi, Frederic De Garis and Atsuharu Sakai, 1964, We Japanese: Miyanushita, Hakone, Fujiya Hotel, Page 200.</ref> The function of a ''torii'' is to mark the entrance to a sacred space. For this reason, the road leading to a Shinto shrine (''[[sandō]]'') is almost always straddled by one or more ''torii'', which are therefore the easiest way to distinguish a shrine from a Buddhist temple.

''Hongsalmun'' literally means ‘gate with red arrows’, referring to the set of pointed spikes on its top. In the past, spikes in between columns did not exist. The color is said to be red because of the belief that the color repels ghosts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Koehler|first=Ben Jackson and Robert|title=Korean Architecture: Breathing with Nature|publisher=Seoul Selection|year=2015|isbn=978-1-62412-047-3|language=en}}</ref> The gate is composed of 2 round poles set vertically and 2 transverse bars.<ref name="hongsal">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide0000unse_j0p0/page/186|title=An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture - 233 traditional key words|publisher=Hakgojae Publishing Co|year=2002|isbn=9788985846981|location=Seoul|pages=186–87|url-access=registration}}</ref> These pillars are usually over {{convert|9|m}} in height.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Choi|first=Wan Gee|title=The Traditional Education of Korea|publisher=Ewha Womans University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-89-7300-675-5|language=en}}</ref> There is no roof and door-gate. In the middle top gate, the symbol of the [[trisula]] and the [[taegeuk]] image are placed.<ref name="hongsal" />

A ''paifang'', also known as a ''pailou'', is a traditional style of [[Chinese architecture|Chinese architectural]] [[arch]] or gateway structure derived from the [[torana]] temple-gate in [[ancient India]], has taken on traditional Chinese architectural characteristics such as multi-tiered roofs, various supporting posts, and archway-shapes of traditional gates and towers.