Editing Anti-Americanism (section)

==== Australia ====
Australian anti-Americanism has been attributed to an "invasion mentality" arising from the perceived threat of American commercial dominance.<ref name=bdaniels/> By the mid-20th century, concerns over American influence on Australian culture and identity further shaped this sentiment.<ref>{{cite journal|title=On the Virtues of 'Anti-Americanism'|last=Phillips|first=Daniels|journal=Australasian Journal of American Studies|year=1990|volume=9|issue=2|page=78|jstor=41053577 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41053577}}</ref> Unlike the philosophical anti-Americanism counterparts in Western Europe, Australian anti-Americanism is rooted in apprehensions about American encroachment.<ref name=capling>{{cite book|chapter='Allies But Not Friends': Anti-Americanism in Australia|last=Capling|first=Ann|editor-last1=Malbasic|editor-first1=Ivona|editor-first2=Richard|editor-last2=Higgot|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134041060|title=The Political Consequences of Anti-Americanism|pages=142–153}}</ref> 

Similar to other Anglophone countries, Australian anti-Americanism is mild and tempered by shared culture, language, and heritage;<ref name=capling/> with the historian Bruce C. Daniels observing that Australians have experienced a complex mix of affection, affinity, annoyance, and anger toward American culture and power simultaneously.<ref name=bdaniels/> 
[[File:Anti-Vietnam War protest March from U.S. Consulate 7 Wynyard Street to Hyde Park, Sydney, NSW 09.jpg|thumb|A anti-Vietnam War protest in Sydney, with a sign targeting U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], February 1966. Australian anti-Americanism is often tied to opposition to specific U.S. policies or administrations.]]
Anti-Americanism in Australia has often been shaped by specific U.S. administrations and policies, with opposition in the 1960s tied to the Vietnam War and in the early 2000s to U.S. President George W. Bush's [[Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration|foreign policy]].<ref name=capling/> Political scientist Ann Capling describes this as "contingent" anti-Americanism, akin to the "rational anti-Americanism" identified by sociologist Paul Hollander, where criticism is precipitated from U.S. actions perceived as harmful.<ref name=abloomfield>{{cite journal|title=End of an Era? Anti-Americanism in the Australian Labor Party|journal=Australian Journal of Politics & History|volume=56|issue=4|pages=592–611|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.2010.01573.x|last1=Bloomfield|first1=Alan|last2=Nossal|first2=Kim Richard|date=2010 }}</ref> It also extends to dissatisfaction with U.S. protectionist economic policies, amplified by Australia's trade deficit and dissatisfaction with what Australians perceive as "unfair" American trade practices.<ref name=capling/> 

=====History of anti-Americanism in Australia=====
Concerns over American economic influence in Australia emerged in the 1830s, driven by increased American whaling activity and the presence of a U.S. naval squadron along the Australian coastline in 1838. By the 1920s, growing American business activity sparked debates about the "Americanization" of Sydney and whether Australians could maintain a distinct identity from Americans.<ref name=bdaniels/> 

While American-Australian cooperation during World War II and its aftermath dampened anti-American sentiment, it resurfaced during the Vietnam War. Anti-Americanism in Australia were found across the political spectrum, from Anglophile conservatives to radical socialists, united from a shared fear of growing U.S. influence and economic suspicion. Though some attribute modern anti-Americanism to the Vietnam War and "boorish" American tourists in Australia, historian Bruce C. Daniels argues the backlash reflects pre-existing resentment, temporarily masked by earlier periods of cooperation.<ref name=bdaniels/>
[[File:Protest march on Pitt St, Sydney, NSW with representatives from the Australian Railways Union, the Plasterers Federation Carrying placards relating to Vietnam War, Wages and Apartheid 07.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[Australian Railways Union]] and Plasterers' Federation carry a banner which reads "let's scram with Uncle Sam", during an anti-Vietnam War protest in Sydney, 1969]]
The modern wave of protest literature against American influence in Australia began in the mid-1960s, driven by political economists on the far left. By 1970, anti-American discourse spread to moderates and even some conservatives.<ref name=bdaniels/> The "radical left" escalated its rhetoric against the Vietnam War, with groups like the [[Australian Union of Students]] endorsing the burning of U.S. flags on campuses. These sentiments also permeated the [[Australian Labor Party]] (ALP) as it strengthened ties with anti-Vietnam War groups.<ref name=abloomfield/> The ALP, emboldened by discontent over Australia's Vietnam War involvement and growing U.S. economic influence, eventually adopted an anti-Vietnam War stance and opposed further American dominance.<ref name=bdaniels/>

Anti-Americanism within the ALP peaked when [[Gough Whitlam]]'s government came to power in 1972, although Whitlam tried to curb these factions.<ref name=abloomfield/> However, these elements gave rise to domestic partisan rhetoric that branded Whitlam as an "anti-American radical socialist," despite being an "amiable centrist."<ref name=bdaniels/> Anti-American sentiment surged briefly in 1975 when conspiracy theorists linked [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|Whitlam's dismissal]] in 1975 to CIA machinations.<ref name=capling/> After the ALP’s defeat and return to opposition, anti-Americanism diminished within the party. Though some left-wing elements still held these views, these sentiments were opposed and stifled by ALP leaders like [[Bob Hawke]]. Anti-Americanism briefly resurfaced under [[Mark Latham]] from 2003 to 2005, but his fall and the discrediting of his anti-American positions marked the end of serious public anti-American sentiment in the ALP.<ref name=abloomfield/>

Australian public opinion on the U.S. soured in the early 2000s, fuelled by disillusionment with the U.S.-led [[Global War on Terror]]. According to [[Peter Costello]], then [[treasurer of Australia]], anti-American sentiment in Australia saw a boost in 2003, due to Australia's participation in the U.S.-led [[Iraq War]].<ref name=capling/> [[Richard Alston (politician)|Richard Alston]], then [[Minister for Communications (Australia)|Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts]], claimed that the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]’s coverage of the war exhibited anti-American bias, though three inquiries found no evidence of this.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The ABC and Anti-Americanism: The Case of the 2003 Iraq War and Minister Alston|journal=Australian Journal of Political Science|volume=44|issue=3|year=2009|pages=389–404|last1=O'Connor|first1=Brendon|last2=Delaney|first2=Katherine|doi=10.1080/10361140903066963}}</ref> The perceived rise in anti-American sentiment was echoed by [[Rupert Murdoch]], an Australian-born American media mogul and owner of [[News Corp]], in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2007/february/1240978945/john-button/americas-australia#mtr|website=www.themonthly.com.au|title=America's Australia|last=Button|first=John|date=February 2007|access-date=19 January 2025|publisher=Schwartz Media}}</ref> 

While Australian opinion of the U.S. improved in the following years, a 2020 [[Lowy Institute]] poll revealed it reverted to 2006 levels due to the U.S.'s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and Trump tariffs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/generation-why-younger-australians-wary-united-states|title=Generation why? Younger Australians wary of United States|last=Kassam|first=Natasha|publisher=Lowry Institute|website=www.lowyinstitute.org|access-date=19 January 2025|date=24 June 2020}}</ref>