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=== Identification === Smart-cards can [[authenticate]] identity. Sometimes they employ a [[public key infrastructure]] (PKI). The card stores an encrypted digital certificate issued from the PKI provider along with other relevant information. Examples include the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] (DoD) [[Common Access Card]] (CAC), and other cards used by other governments for their citizens. If they include biometric identification data, cards can provide superior two- or three-factor authentication. Smart cards are not always privacy-enhancing, because the subject may carry incriminating information on the card. Contactless smart cards that can be read from within a wallet or even a garment simplify authentication; however, criminals may access data from these cards. Cryptographic smart cards are often used for [[single sign-on]]. Most advanced smart cards include specialized cryptographic hardware that uses algorithms such as [[RSA (algorithm)|RSA]] and [[Digital Signature Algorithm]] (DSA). Today's cryptographic smart cards generate key pairs on board, to avoid the risk from having more than one copy of the key (since by design there usually isn't a way to extract private keys from a smart card). Such smart cards are mainly used for [[digital signature]]s and secure identification. The most common way to access cryptographic smart card functions on a computer is to use a vendor-provided [[PKCS11|PKCS#11]] library.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} On [[Microsoft Windows]] the [[Cryptographic Service Provider]] (CSP) API is also supported. The most widely used cryptographic algorithms in smart cards (excluding the GSM so-called "crypto algorithm") are [[Triple DES]] and [[RSA (algorithm)|RSA]]. The key set is usually loaded (DES) or generated (RSA) on the card at the personalization stage. Some of these smart cards are also made to support the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) standard for [[Personal Identity Verification]], [[FIPS 201]]. Turkey implemented the first smart card driver's license system in 1987. Turkey had a high level of road accidents and decided to develop and use digital tachograph devices on heavy vehicles, instead of the existing mechanical ones, to reduce speed violations. Since 1987, the professional driver's licenses in Turkey have been issued as smart cards. A professional driver is required to insert his driver's license into a digital tachograph before starting to drive. The tachograph unit records speed violations for each driver and gives a printed report. The driving hours for each driver are also being monitored and reported. In 1990 the European Union conducted a feasibility study through BEVAC Consulting Engineers, titled "Feasibility study with respect to a European electronic drivers license (based on a smart-card) on behalf of Directorate General VII". In this study, chapter seven describes Turkey's experience. Argentina's Mendoza province began using smart card driver's licenses in 1995. Mendoza also had a high level of road accidents, driving offenses, and a poor record of recovering fines.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Smart licenses hold up-to-date records of driving offenses and unpaid fines. They also store personal information, license type and number, and a photograph. Emergency medical information such as blood type, allergies, and biometrics (fingerprints) can be stored on the chip if the card holder wishes. The Argentina government anticipates that this system will help to collect more than $10 million per year in fines. In 1999 [[Gujarat]] was the first Indian state to introduce a smart card license system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parivahan.nic.in/ |title=Smart Card License System |access-date=29 May 2006 |archive-date=10 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410042404/http://parivahan.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2005, it has issued 5 million smart card driving licenses to its people.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpur/0510003.html |title="Smart Card Driving License System in Gujarat" |journal=Urban/Regional |date=26 October 2005 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131820/https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpur/0510003.html |url-status=live |last1=Kumar |first1=Deepak }}</ref> In 2002, the Estonian government started to issue smart cards named [[Estonian ID card|ID Kaart]] as primary identification for citizens to replace the usual passport in domestic and EU use. As of 2010 about 1 million smart cards have been issued (total population is about 1.3 million) and they are widely used in internet banking, buying public transport tickets, authorization on various websites etc. By the start of 2009, the entire population of [[Belgium]] was issued eID cards that are used for identification. These cards contain two certificates: one for authentication and one for signature. This signature is legally enforceable. More and more services in Belgium use eID for [[authorization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eid.belgium.be/ |title=Taalkeuze/Choix de langue fedict.belgium.be |publisher=Eid.belgium.be |access-date=13 February 2014 |archive-date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208214121/http://eid.belgium.be/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Spain started issuing national ID cards (DNI) in the form of smart cards in 2006 and gradually replaced all the older ones with smart cards. The idea was that many or most bureaucratic acts could be done online but it was a failure because the Administration did not adapt and still mostly requires paper documents and personal presence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eldiario.es/turing/dni-electronico-dnie_0_179182675.html|title=Diario Turing – Tecnología y sociedad en red|date=25 September 2013|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031709/http://www.eldiario.es/turing/dni-electronico-dnie_0_179182675.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ticbeat.com/tecnologias/reportaje-dni-electronico/|title=¿Qué fue del DNI electrónico?|work=TICbeat |date=26 April 2015 |access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030716/http://www.ticbeat.com/tecnologias/reportaje-dni-electronico/|url-status=live |last1=Fraga |first1=Alberto Iglesias }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=FRACASO DEL DNI ELECTRONICO | website=A las pruebas me remito | date=4 May 2015 | url=http://blogs.elcomercio.es/hispadata/2015/05/04/fracaso-del-dni-electronico/ | language=es | quote=FAILURE OF THE ELECTRONIC ID | ref={{sfnref | A las pruebas me remito | 2015}} | access-date=6 June 2018 | archive-date=5 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305145550/http://blogs.elcomercio.es/hispadata/2015/05/04/fracaso-del-dni-electronico/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=El DNI electrónico ha muerto: ¡larga vida al DNI 3.0!|date=2 October 2013|language=es|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/2013-10-02/el-dni-electronico-ha-muerto-larga-vida-al-dni-3-0_35442/|quote=The electronic DNI has died: long live the DNI 3.0!|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071906/https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/2013-10-02/el-dni-electronico-ha-muerto-larga-vida-al-dni-3-0_35442/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 August 2012, the ID cards in [[Pakistan]] were replaced. The Smart Card is a third generation chip-based [[identity document]] that is produced according to international standards and requirements. The card has over 36 physical security features and has the latest{{clarify|date=May 2017}} encryption codes. This smart card replaced the NICOP (the ID card for [[Pakistani diaspora|overseas Pakistani]]). Smart cards may identify emergency responders and their skills. Cards like these allow first responders to bypass organizational paperwork and focus more time on the emergency resolution. In 2004, The Smart Card Alliance expressed the needs: "to enhance security, increase government efficiency, reduce identity fraud, and protect personal privacy by establishing a mandatory, Government-wide standard for secure and reliable forms of identification".<ref name="Smart card alliance">{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcardalliance.org/pages/publications-emergency-response-official-credentials|title=Emergency Response Official Credentials: An Approach to Attain Trust in Credentials across Multiple Jurisdictions for Disaster Response and Recovery|date=3 January 2011|access-date=3 January 2011|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127012958/http://www.smartcardalliance.org/pages/publications-emergency-response-official-credentials|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[emergency response]] personnel can carry these cards to be positively identified in emergency situations. [[WidePoint Corporation]], a smart card provider to [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]], produces cards that contain additional personal information, such as medical records and skill sets. In 2007, the [[Open Mobile Alliance]] (OMA) proposed a new standard defining V1.0 of the Smart Card Web Server (SCWS), an [[HTTP server]] embedded in a SIM card intended for a [[smartphone]] user.<ref name="oma">{{cite web | url=http://www.openmobilealliance.org/comms/pages/OMA_quarterly_2007_vol_2.htm#news1 | title=OMA Newsletter 2007 Volume 2 | access-date=20 March 2012 | archive-date=19 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719083228/http://www.openmobilealliance.org/comms/pages/OMA_quarterly_2007_vol_2.htm#news1 | url-status=live }}</ref> The non-profit trade association SIMalliance has been promoting the development and adoption of SCWS. SIMalliance states that SCWS offers end-users a familiar, [[operating system|OS]]-independent, browser-based interface to secure, personal SIM data. As of mid-2010, SIMalliance had not reported widespread industry acceptance of SCWS.<ref name="http://www.simalliance.org/en?t=/documentManager/sfdoc.file.supply&fileID=1279268442341">{{cite web | url=http://www.simalliance.org/en?t=/documentManager/sfdoc.file.supply&fileID=1279268442341 | title=Update from SIMalliance on SCWS | date=30 June 2010 | access-date=20 March 2012 | author=Martin, Christophe | archive-date=1 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801073734/http://www.simalliance.org/en?t=/documentManager/sfdoc.file.supply&fileID=1279268442341 | url-status=live }}</ref> The OMA has been maintaining the standard, approving V1.1 of the standard in May 2009, and V1.2 was expected to be approved in October 2012.<ref name="oma2">{{cite web|title=OMA Smart Card Web Server (SCWS)|url=http://www.openmobilealliance.org/comms/pages/oma_2011_ar_scws.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101093544/http://www.openmobilealliance.org/comms/pages/oma_2011_ar_scws.html|archive-date=1 November 2012|access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Smart cards are also used to identify user accounts on arcade machines.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://my-aime.net/aime/en/p/info/about.html | title=What is "Aime"? | access-date=6 August 2017 | archive-date=20 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320011610/https://my-aime.net/aime/en/p/info/about.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
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