Editing Smartphone (section)

==Criticism and issues==

===Social impacts===
====Manufacture====
[[Cobalt]] is needed in order to manufacture smartphones' rechargeable batteries. Workers, including children, suffer injuries, amputations, and death as the result of the hazardous working conditions and mine tunnel collapses in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] during [[Cobalt#Democratic Republic of the Congo|artisanal mining of cobalt]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |title=How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy |website=NPR |date=1 February 2023 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/02/01/1152893248/red-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref> In 2019 [[International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla|a lawsuit]] was filed against Apple and other tech companies for the use of [[child labor]] in mining cobalt;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17|title=U.S. cobalt lawsuit puts spotlight on 'sustainable' tech|url=https://www.sustainability-times.com/sustainable-business/u-s-cobalt-lawsuit-puts-spotlight-on-sustainable-tech/|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Sustainability Times|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple, Google Fight Blame For Child Labor In Cobalt Mines - Law360|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1304511/apple-google-fight-blame-for-child-labor-in-cobalt-mines|access-date=2020-09-16|website=www.law360.com|language=en}}</ref> in 2024 the court ruled that the companies were not liable.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-06|title=Buying cobalt doesn't make US firms liable for abuses in DR Congo | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/03/apple-and-other-firms-dont-have-to-compensate-victims-of-forced-child-labor/ }}</ref> Apple announced it would convert to using recycled cobalt by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web| year=2023 | title=Apple to use only recycled cobalt in batteries by 2025 | website=[[Reuters]] | url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/apple-use-100-recycled-cobalt-batteries-by-2025-2023-04-13/ | access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>

====Use====
{{main|Problematic smartphone use}}
In 2012, [[University of Southern California]] study found that [[safe sex|unprotected]] [[adolescent sexuality|adolescent sexual]] activity was more common among owners of smartphones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/01/smartphones_more_sexually_active/|title=SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS|work=theregister.co.uk|access-date=2016-01-18}}</ref> 

A study conducted by the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]'s (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect [[stages of sleep|sleep cycles]].<ref name=Colaner>{{cite news|last=Colaner|first=Seth|title=Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep|url=http://hothardware.com/News/Your-Tablet-and-Smartphone-are-Ruining-Your-Sleep-/|access-date=January 22, 2014|date=August 27, 2012}}</ref> 

Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones, resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cheever | first1 = N. A. | last2 = Rosen | first2 = L. D. | last3 = Carrier | first3 = L. M. | last4 = Chavez | first4 = A. | year = 2014 | title = Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users | journal = Computers in Human Behavior | volume = 37 | pages = 290–297 |doi = 10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002| s2cid = 9196376 }}</ref> 

A "[[smombie]]" (a combination of "smartphone" and "[[zombie]]") is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.<ref name="sunday-times">{{cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222100235/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 22, 2016 | title=Walkers hit by curse of the smombie | newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] | location=UK | first1=Mark | last1=Hookham | first2=Isabel | last2=Togoh | first3=Alex | last3=Yeates | date=21 February 2016 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}</ref> The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a "mobile lane" for walking in [[Chongqing]], [[China]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-china-blog-29201934 | title=Chongqing's 'mobile lane' | first=Celia | last=Hatton | publisher=[[BBC]] | work=[[BBC News]] | location=UK | date=15 September 2014 | access-date=23 February 2016 }}</ref> The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of [[Augsburg, Germany]], to embed pedestrian traffic lights in the pavement.<ref>Rick Noack (April 25, 2016) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/25/this-city-embedded-traffic-lights-in-the-sidewalks-so-that-smartphone-users-dont-have-to-look-up/ This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that smartphone users don't have to look up] [[The Washington Post]]. Retrieved 5 May 2016.</ref>

===While driving===
{{Main|Mobile phones and driving safety|Texting while driving}}
[[File:Hand held phones.JPG|thumb|right|A [[New York City]] driver holding two phones]]
[[File:Range Rover mapping app.jpg|thumb|A user consulting a mapping app on a phone]]

Mobile phone use while driving—including [[Telephone call|call]]ing, [[text messaging]], playing media, [[web browsing]], [[Video game|gaming]], using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as [[distracted driving]]. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of [[accident]]s. In September 2010, the US [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, [[State Farm Insurance]], announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.<ref name=post>{{cite news |title=Quit Googling yourself and drive: About 20% of drivers using Web behind the wheel, study says |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 4, 2011 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/03/honk-if-youre-googling-20-of-drivers-using-web-behind-the-wheel-says-study.html/ }}</ref> Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free [[telephone call|calling]] on a mobile phone (which uses a [[speakerphone]]) is banned. In other countries, including the UK and France, and in many US states, calling is only banned on handheld phones, while hands-free calling is permitted.

A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The Choice to Text and Drive in Younger Drivers: Behaviour May Shape Attitude|last1 = Atchley|first1 = Paul|date = January 2011|journal = Accident Analysis and Prevention|doi = 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003|pmid = 21094307|first2 = Stephanie|last2 = Atwood|last3 = Boulton|first3 = Aaron|volume=43|issue = 1|pages=134–142}}</ref>
The [[scientific literature]] on the danger of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or [[texting while driving]], is limited. A simulation study at the [[University of Utah]] found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070714/NEWS01/707140333&template=printart|title=Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril|newspaper=Democrat and Chronicle|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202041811/http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070714%2FNEWS01%2F707140333&template=printart|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, [[GPS]] or [[satnav]].
[[File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG|thumb|A sign along [[Bellaire Boulevard]]<!--Wikified, as it is a notable east-west artery in Houston--> in [[Southside Place, Texas]] ([[Greater Houston]]) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm.]]

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while [[cycling]] and its effects on behavior and safety.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=de Waard|first1=Dick|last2=Schepers|first2=Paul|last3=Ormel|first3=Wieke|last4=Brookhuis|first4=Karel|title=Mobile phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety|journal=Ergonomics|volume=53|issue=1|date=January 2010|pages=30–42|doi=10.1080/00140130903381180|pmid=20069479|hdl=11370/1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456|s2cid=205403680|url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/mobile-phone-use-while-cycling(1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce42456).html|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/distracted-driving-accessing-internet/3497721/|title=Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds|first=Larry|last=Copeland|website=USA TODAY}}</ref> A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.<ref>{{cite journal|url = https://homepage.univie.ac.at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf |title = Reaching the Mobile Respondent: Determinants of High-Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High-Coverage Group |journal = Social Science Computer Review |doi = 10.1177/0894439309353099 |volume=28 |year=2010 |pages=336–349 | last1 = Burger | first1 = Christoph | last2 = Riemer | first2 = Valentin | last3 = Grafeneder | first3 = Jürgen | last4 = Woisetschläger | first4 = Bianca | last5 = Vidovic | first5 = Dragana | last6 = Hergovich | first6 = Andreas|s2cid = 61640965 }}</ref>

Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a [[Telephone call|call]] on a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the [[United Kingdom]], from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6287005.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=January 22, 2007}}</ref> This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.<ref name="BBC2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6382077.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=February 22, 2007}}</ref> [[Japan]] prohibits all use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November 2009. Many states in the United States have banned text messaging on phones while driving. Illinois became the 17th American state to enforce this law.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/08/06/illinois.texting.ban/index.html | work=CNN | title=Illinois to ban texting while driving - CNN.com | access-date=May 12, 2010 | date=August 6, 2009}}</ref> {{As of|July 2010}}, 30 states had banned texting while driving, with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on July 15.<ref name="Courier-Journal">{{cite news|url=http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20100714/NEWS01/7140399/1008/NEWS01/Texting+while+driving+ban++other+new+Kentucky+laws+take+effect+Thursday |title=Texting while driving ban, other new Kentucky laws take effect today |first=Stephanie |last=Steitzer |newspaper=[[The Courier-Journal]] |date=July 14, 2010 |access-date=July 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119183044/http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20100714/NEWS01/7140399/1008/NEWS01/Texting+while+driving+ban++other+new+Kentucky+laws+take+effect+Thursday |archive-date=January 19, 2013 }}</ref>

Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the [[United States]]. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/distracted-driving-laws-map |title=Distracted Driving Laws |publisher=Public Health Law Research |date=2011-07-15 |access-date=2014-06-27}}</ref>

===Legal===
{{Main|Smartphone wars}}
A "patent war" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original [[Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)|Galaxy S]] Android phone copied the interface{{nsmdns}}and possibly the hardware{{nsmdns}}of Apple's iOS for the [[iPhone 3GS]]. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving [[Sony Mobile]], [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], [[Microsoft]], [[Nokia]], [[Motorola]], [[HTC]], [[Huawei]] and [[ZTE]], among others. The conflict is part of the [[Technology patent wars|wider "patent wars"]] between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase [[market share]], companies granted a [[patent]] can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and [[Industrial design right|designs]] in the market for smartphones, and devices based on [[Mobile operating system|smartphone OSes]] such as Android and iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.

===Medical===
{{Main|Mobile app}}
With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yetisen | first1 = A. K. | last2 = Martinez-Hurtado | first2 = J. L. | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = The regulation of mobile medical applications | journal = Lab on a Chip | volume = 14 | issue = 5| pages = 833–840 | doi = 10.1039/C3LC51235E | pmid = 24425070 | s2cid = 16910239 }}</ref> According to the findings of these medical experts in recent years, excessive smartphone use in society may lead to headaches, sleep disorders and insufficient sleep, while severe smartphone addiction may lead to physical health problems, such as hunchback, muscle relaxation and uneven nutrition.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shankar|first1=S Barani|last2=Rani|first2=S Leslie|last3=Brundha|first3=M P|date=July 2020|title=Comparison study of factors associated with smartphone addiction among college students|journal=Drug Invention Today|volume=14|issue=7|pages=1165–1168|issn=0975-7619|via=Academic Search Complete}}</ref>

===Impacts on cognition and mental health===
{{Main|Digital media use and mental health}}
There is a debate about beneficial and detrimental impacts of smartphones or smartphone-uses on cognition and mental health.

===Security===
{{Main|Mobile security|Malware|Mobile virus|Media Transfer Protocol}}
Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.<ref name="Juniper-malware">[http://globalthreatcenter.com/?p=2492 Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way].</ref><ref name=trustbus11>{{cite book|title=8th International Conference on Trust, Privacy & Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011)|year=2011|publisher=Springer Berlin / Heidelberg|pages=49–61|first1=Mylonas |last1=Alexios |first2=Tsoumas |last2=Bill |first3=Dritsas |last3=Stelios |first4=Gritzalis |last4=Dimitris }}</ref> Often, malware is hidden in [[Copyright infringement of software|pirated]] versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/01/the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ |title = The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived |work=Android Police |date=March 6, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |title=Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser |publisher=Readwriteweb.com |date=February 12, 2009 |access-date=August 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810074456/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |archive-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref> Malware risk also comes from what is known as an "update attack", where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.<ref name="Lookout-malware">{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/03/lookout_retrevio_warn_of_growing_android_malware_epidemic_note_apples_ios_is_far_safer.html |title=Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer |publisher=Appleinsider.com |date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=January 5, 2012}}</ref> As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install [[kill switch]]es in their devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|title=Plea urges anti-theft phone tech|work=The San Francisco Examiner|date=June 7, 2013|access-date=June 11, 2013|archive-date=October 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016082504/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, Apple's "Find my iPhone" and Google's "Android Device Manager" can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://helpblog.blackberry.com/2015/06/getting-started-with-anti-theft-protection-in-blackberry-10-os-version-10-3-2/|title=Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10. - Inside BlackBerry Help Blog|work=blackberry.com|access-date=2016-01-18}}</ref>

Leaked documents from 2013 to 2016 codenamed [[Vault 7]] detail the capabilities of the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and [[cyber warfare]], including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including iOS and Android).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-tvs|title=Vault 7: Wikileaks reveals details of CIA's hacks of Android, iPhone Windows, Linux, MacOS, and even Samsung TVs|website=[[Computing (magazine)|Computing]]|date=7 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/03/cia-can-hack-phone-pc-tv-says-wikileaks/|title=How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone, PC, and TV (Says WikiLeaks)|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=2017-03-07|magazine=[[WIRED]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of [[spyware]], called [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus]], developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect iOS and Android smartphones often{{Em dash}}partly via use of [[Zero-day (computing)|0-day exploits]]{{Em dash}}without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the user and then be used to exfiltrate data, track user locations, capture film through its camera, and activate the microphone at any time.<ref>{{cite news |title=What is Pegasus spyware and how does it hack phones? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/18/what-is-pegasus-spyware-and-how-does-it-hack-phones |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Analysis [[Packet analyzer|of data traffic]] by popular smartphones running variants of Android found substantial by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out by this [[pre-installed software]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Study reveals scale of data-sharing from Android mobile phones |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-10-reveals-scale-data-sharing-android-mobile.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[Trinity College Dublin]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Haoyu |last2=Patras |first2=Paul |last3=Leith |first3=Douglas J. |title=Android Mobile OS Snooping By Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei and Realme Handsets |date=6 October 2021 |url=https://www.scss.tcd.ie/Doug.Leith/Android_privacy_report.pdf |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST<ref>{{cite tech report|url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/guidelines-managing-security-mobile-devices-enterprise|title=Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise|date=June 21, 2013|first1=Murugiah P.|last1=Souppaya|first2=Karen A.|last2=Scarfone|series=Special Publication (NIST SP)|id=800-124 Rev 1|doi=10.6028/NIST.SP.800-124r1|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|doi-access=free}}</ref> and many other organizations. For conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the smartphone off and disconnect the battery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://securityinabox.org/en/guide/smartphones/|title=Use Your Smartphone As Securely As Possible|website=Security in-a-box}}</ref>

===Sleep===
{{Main|Electronic media and sleep}}
Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which affects [[melatonin]] levels and [[sleep cycles]]. In an effort to alleviate these issues, "Night Mode" functionality to change the [[color temperature]] of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps for Android and the [[f.lux]] software for [[Jailbreak (iPhone OS)|jailbroken]] iPhones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.howtogeek.com/199303/reduce-eye-strain-and-get-better-sleep-by-using-f.lux-on-your-computer/|title=Reduce Eye Strain and Get Better Sleep by Using f.lux on Your Computer|last1=Hoffman|first1=Chris|date=October 23, 2014|website=How-To Geek|access-date=January 15, 2016}}</ref> [[iOS 9|iOS 9.3]] integrated a similar, system-level feature known as "[[Night Shift (software)|Night Shift]]." Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google's initial reluctance to make Night Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it on their hardware under varying names, before [[Android Oreo]] added it to the OS for compatible devices.<ref>{{cite web |last=Blichert |first=Frederick |title=How to enable Night Mode on Android to reduce eye strain |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/night-mode-on-android-886864/ |date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=November 8, 2019}}</ref>

It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before they go to bed, can result in "[[ego depletion]]." Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also lead to loss of sleep.<ref name="cnet-bluelight">{{cite web|title=Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night|url=http://www.cnet.com/how-to/stop-your-gadgets-from-keeping-you-awake-at-night/|website=CNET|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>Kalsbeek, Andries (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=53Jxsj5ZZ98C The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing]'' Elsevier. pp. 382.</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Luisa |last=Dillner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jun/09/smartphones-tablets-in-bedroom-sleep |title=Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom? |work=The Guardian |date=June 9, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130603163610.htm |title=Are smartphones disrupting your sleep? |website=ScienceDaily |access-date=June 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mahesh |last=Sharma |url=http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/switching-off-your-smartphone-at-night-makes-you-more-productive-20140403-zqpc4.html |title=Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=June 17, 2014}}</ref>