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1905 in science
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==Physics== * [[Albert Einstein]] (at this time resident in [[Bern]]) completes his doctoral thesis, ''A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=A.|title=Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=19|pages=289–306|year=1906|doi=10.1002/andp.19063240204|issue=2|bibcode=1906AnP...324..289E |hdl=20.500.11850/139872|s2cid=121918391 |url=http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf |hdl-access=free}} Originally submitted for journal publication August 19, 1905.</ref> on April 30, submitting it to the [[University of Zurich]] on July 30, and publishes his four [[Annus Mirabilis papers|''Annus Mirabilis'' papers]] in ''[[Annalen der Physik]]'' (Leipzig). Because of this, 1905 is said to be the miraculous year for [[physics]], and its 100th anniversary ([[2005 in science|2005]]) is declared the [[World Year of Physics 2005|World Year of Physics]]. ** "On a [[Heuristic]] Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of [[Light]]", received March 18 and published June 9, explains the [[photoelectric effect]] through [[quantum mechanics]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=A.|title=Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=17|pages=132–148|year=1905|bibcode=1905AnP...322..132E|doi=10.1002/andp.19053220607|issue=6|doi-access=free}}</ref> ** "[[Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen]]" ("On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat"), based on his doctoral research, received May 11 and published July 18, delineates a [[stochastic]] model of [[Brownian motion]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=A.|title=Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=17|pages=549–560|year=1905|bibcode=1905AnP...322..549E|doi=10.1002/andp.19053220806|issue=8|doi-access=free}}</ref> ** "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", received June 30 and published September 26, formulates his theory of [[special relativity]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=A.|title=Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=17|pages=891–921|year=1905|bibcode=1905AnP...322..891E|doi=10.1002/andp.19053221004|issue=10|doi-access=free}}</ref> ** "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?", received September 27 and published November 21, deduces the law of [[mass–energy equivalence]], ''E'' = ''mc''².<ref>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=A.|title=Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=18|pages=639–641|year=1905|bibcode=1905AnP...323..639E|doi=10.1002/andp.19053231314|issue=13|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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