Editing Advanced chess (section)

==In future studies==
Centaur chess is sometimes invoked to argue that humans will continue to remain relevant as AI progresses. U.S. Deputy Defense Secretary [[Robert O. Work]] invoked in 2016 the concept of "centaur warfighting", extending the centaur concept beyond the chess world.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Markoff |first1=John |title=Pentagon Turns to Silicon Valley for Edge in Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/12/technology/artificial-intelligence-as-the-pentagons-latest-weapon.html |accessdate=30 June 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Markoff |first1=John |title=A Case for Cooperation Between Machines and Humans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/21/technology/ben-shneiderman-automation-humans.html |accessdate=30 June 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> [[Tyler Cowen]] and others assessed in 2013 that, due to chess engine advances, it was getting difficult to see any major advantage to centaurs over computers by themselves in chess, and that it seemed unlikely that centaurs would retain a significant advantage for much longer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nisen |first1=Max |title=Humans Are On The Verge Of Losing One Of Their Last Big Advantages Over Computers |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/computers-beating-humans-at-advanced-chess-2013-11 |accessdate=30 June 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150426171337/http://www.businessinsider.com/computers-beating-humans-at-advanced-chess-2013-11|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, as recently as 2017, Kasparov has stated that, given an appropriate operator, he is confident that a centaur team could outperform the top supercomputers, while [[James Bridle]] states in 2018 that "an average player paired with an average computer is capable of beating the most sophisticated supercomputer".<ref>{{cite news | title=Garry Kasparov on AI, Chess, and the Future of Creativity (Ep. 22) |url=https://medium.com/conversations-with-tyler/garry-kasparov-tyler-cowen-chess-iq-ai-putin-3bf28baf4dba |accessdate=30 June 2020 |work=Mercatus Center blog at Medium/Conversations with Tyler |date=10 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bridle |first1=James |title=Rise of the machines: has technology evolved beyond our control? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/15/rise-of-the-machines-has-technology-evolved-beyond-our-control- |accessdate=30 June 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2018}}</ref> A recent study has shown that AI in centaur chess both substitutes traditional human skills and enables new complementary capabilities, providing suggestive evidence of how AI reshapes competitive dynamics in organizations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krakowski |first1=Sebastian |last2=Luger |first2=Johannes |last3=Raisch |first3=Sebastian |title=Artificial intelligence and the changing sources of competitive advantage |journal=Strategic Management Journal |date=2023 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=377–403 |doi=10.1002/smj.3387 |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3387|url-access=subscription }}</ref>