Editing Allee effect (section)

===Ecological mechanism===
Although numerous ecological mechanisms for Allee effects exist, the list of most commonly cited facilitative behaviors that contribute to Allee effects in the literature include: mate limitation, cooperative defense, cooperative feeding, and environmental conditioning.<ref name=kramer /> While these behaviors are classified in separate categories, they can overlap and tend to be context dependent (will operate only under certain conditions – for example, cooperative defense will only be useful when there are predators or competitors present).

;Mate limitation: Mate limitation refers to the difficulty of finding a compatible and receptive mate for sexual reproduction at lower population size or density. This is generally a problem encountered by species that utilize passive reproduction and possess low mobility, such as [[plankton]], plants and sessile invertebrates.<ref name="Berec L 2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Berec L, Angulo E, Courchamp F |year=2007 |title=Multiple Allee effects and population management |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=22 |pages=185–191 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2006.12.002 |pmid=17175060 |issue=4|bibcode=2007TEcoE..22..185B |hdl=10261/45491 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> For example, wind-pollinated plants would have a lower fitness in sparse populations due to the lower likelihood of pollen successfully landing on a conspecific.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davis HG, Taylor CM, Lambrinos JG, Strong DR |year=2004 |title=Pollen limitation causes an Allee effect in a wind-pollinated invasive grass (''Spartina alterniflora'') |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=101 |pages=13804–13807 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0405230101 |issue=38|bibcode = 2004PNAS..10113804D |pmid=15317944 |pmc=518837|doi-access=free }}</ref>

;Cooperative defense: Another possible benefit of aggregation is to protect against predation by group anti-predator behavior. Many species exhibit higher rates of predator vigilance behavior per individual at lower density. This increased vigilance might result in less time and energy spent on foraging, thus reducing the fitness of an individual living in smaller groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mooring MS, Fitzpatrick TA, Nishihira TT, Reisig DD |year=2004 |title=Vigilance, predation risk, and the Allee effect in desert bighorn sheep |journal=Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=68 |pages=519–532 |doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0519:VPRATA]2.0.CO;2 |editor1-last=Hall |issue=3|s2cid=53981797 }}</ref> One striking example of such shared vigilance is exhibited by [[meerkat]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Clutton-Brock TH, Gaynor D, McIlrath GM, MacColl AD, Kansky R, Chadwick P, Manser M, Skinner JD, Brotherton PN |s2cid=51855211 |year=1999 |title=Predation, group size and mortality in a cooperative mongoose, ''Suricata suricatta'' |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=68 |pages=672–683 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00317.x |issue=4|doi-access=free |bibcode=1999JAnEc..68..672C }}</ref> Meanwhile, other species move in synchrony to confuse and avoid predators such as schools of [[sardines]] and flocks of [[starlings]]. The confusion effect that this herding behavior would have on predators will be more effective when more individuals are present.<ref name=book1 />

;Cooperative feeding: Certain species also require group foraging in order to survive. As an example, species that hunt in packs, such as the [[African wild dog]]s, would not be able to locate and capture prey as efficiently in smaller groups.<ref name="Berec L 2006"/>

;Environmental conditioning / habitat alteration: Environmental conditioning generally refers to the mechanism in which individuals work together in order to improve their immediate or future environment for the benefit of the species. This alteration could involve changes in both abiotic (temperature, turbulence, etc.) or biotic (toxins, hormones, etc.) environmental factors. [[Pacific salmon]] present a potential case of such component Allee effects, where the density of spawning individuals can affect the survivability of the following generations. Spawning salmon carry marine nutrients they acquired from the ocean as they migrate to freshwater streams to reproduce, which in turn fertilize the surrounding habitat when they die, thus creating a more suitable habitat for the juveniles that would hatch in the following months.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rinella DJ, Wipfli MS, Stricker CA, Heintz RA, Rinella MJ |year=2012 |title=Pacific salmon (''Oncorhynchus'' spp.) runs and consumer fitness: growth and energy storage in stream-dwelling salmonids increase with salmon spawner density |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=73–84 |doi=10.1139/f2011-133|bibcode=2012CJFAS..69Q..73R }}</ref> While compelling, this case of environmental conditioning by salmon has not been rigorously supported by empirical evidence.