Editing Architecture of England (section)

=== Gothic architecture ===
{{Main|English Gothic architecture}}
The major buildings of the [[Late Middle Ages]] and the first centuries of the [[Early Modern Period]] were constructed in the predominant late medieval European style of [[Gothic architecture]]. Art-historical periodisations are [[Early English (architecture)|Early English]] or ''First Pointed'' (late 12th–late 13th centuries), [[Decorated Gothic]] or ''Second Pointed'' (late 13th–late 14th centuries), and [[Perpendicular Gothic]] or ''Third Pointed'' (14th–17th centuries).<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Schurr|first=Marc Carel|title=art and architecture: Gothic|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-0540|work=The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages|year=2010|editor-last=Bork|editor-first=Robert E.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866262-4|quote=Early to High Gothic and Early English (c.1130–c.1240) Rayonnant Gothic and Decorated Style (c.1240–c.1350) Late Gothic: flamboyant and perpendicular (c.1350–c.1500)|access-date=9 April 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Gothic|date=2015|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-2072|work=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture|editor-last=Curl|editor-first=James Stevens|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-967498-5|quote=First Pointed (Early English) was used from the end of C12 to the end of C13, though most of its characteristics were present in the lower part of the chevet of the Abbey Church of St-Denis, near Paris (c.1135–44). ... Once First Pointed evolved with Geometrical tracery it became known as Middle Pointed. Second-Pointed work of C14 saw an ever-increasing invention in bar-tracery of the Curvilinear, Flowing, and Reticulated types, ... culminating in the Flamboyant style (from c.1375) of the Continent. Second Pointed was relatively short-lived in England, and was superseded by Perp[endicular] (or Third Pointed) from c.1332, although the two styles overlapped for some time.|access-date=9 April 2020|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=Susan|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The architect and art historian [[Thomas Rickman]]'s ''Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England'', first published in 1812, divided Gothic architecture in the British Isles into three stylistic periods.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Rickman|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JO3AAAAIAAJ|title=An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England: From the Conquest to the Reformation|publisher=J. H. Parker|year=1848|edition=5th|location=London|pages=lxiii|language=en|author-link=Thomas Rickman|orig-year=1812}}</ref> Rickman identified the period of architecture from [[William the Conqueror]] ({{Reign|1066|87}}) to [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] ({{Reign|1154|89}}) as ''Norman''; from [[Richard the Lionheart]] ({{Reign|1189|99}}) to [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] ({{Reign|1272|1307}}) as ''Early English''; the reigns of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] ({{Reign|1307|27}}) and [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] ({{Reign|1327|77}}) as ''Decorated'', and from [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] ({{Reign|1377|99}}) to [[Henry VIII]] ({{Reign|1509|47}}) as ''Perpendicular''.<ref name=":2" />

From the 15th century, under the [[House of Tudor]], the prevailing Gothic style is commonly known as [[Tudor architecture]], being ultimately succeeded by [[Elizabethan architecture]] and [[Renaissance architecture]] under [[Elizabeth I]] ({{Reign|1558|1603}}).<ref name=":04">{{Citation|title=Tudor|date=2015|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-4821|work=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture|editor-last=Curl|editor-first=James Stevens|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-967498-5|access-date=9 April 2020|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=Susan|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rickman excluded from his scheme most new buildings after Henry VIII's reign, calling the style of "additions and rebuilding" in the later 16th and earlier 17th centuries "often much debased".<ref name=":2" /> Architect and art historian [[Edmund Sharpe]] published in 1851 ''The Seven Periods of English Architecture'', in which he identified a pre-Gothic ''Transitional Period'' (1145–90) after the ''Norman'' period, in which pointed arches and round arches were employed together.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Sharpe|first=Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_sgnAAAAYAAJ|title=The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated|publisher=E. & F. N. Spon|year=1871|location=London|pages=8|language=en|orig-year=1851}}</ref> Focusing on the windows, Sharpe dubbed Rickman's first Gothic style the ''Lancet Period'' (1190–1245); divided the second into first the ''Geometrical'' (1245–1315) and then the ''Curvilinear'' (1315–1360); and named the third style ''Rectilinear'' (1360–1550).<ref name=":3" />

This last Gothic style was typified by large windows, [[Four-centred arch|four-centred arches]], straight vertical and horizontal lines in the [[tracery]], and regular arch-topped rectangular panelling.<ref name=":4">{{Citation|title=Perpendicular|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-3451|work=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture|year=2015|editor-last=Curl|editor-first=James Stevens|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-967498-5|access-date=16 May 2020|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=Susan|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Citation|title=Perpendicular Gothic|date=2018|url=https://www.bloomsburyarchitecturelibrary.com/dictionary-article?docid=b-9781350122741&tocid=b-9781350122741-gloss-0001815|work=Sir Banister Fletcher Glossary|editor-last=Fraser|editor-first=Murray|publisher=[[Royal Institute of British Architects]] and the [[University of London]]|language=en|doi=10.5040/9781350122741.1001816|isbn=978-1-350-12274-1|quote=English idiom from about 1330 to 1640, characterised by large windows, regularity of ornate detailing, and grids of panelling that extend over walls, windows and vaults.|access-date=26 August 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Perpendicular was the prevailing style of [[Late Gothic architecture]] in England from the 14th century to the 17th century.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":02" /> Perpendicular was unique to the country: no equivalent arose in [[Continental Europe]] or elsewhere in the [[British Isles]].<ref name=":4" /> Of all the Gothic [[architectural styles]], Perpendicular was the first to experience a second wave of popularity from the 18th century on in [[Gothic Revival architecture]].<ref name=":4" />