Editing Automobile engine replacement (section)

==Crate engine==
[[File:Oldsmobile Rocket V-8 303 c.i (5L) on display.jpg|thumb|right|[[Oldsmobile V8 engine#303|Oldsmobile 303 Rocket V-8]] assembled with accessories, similar to the state of a crate motor]]
Technically, a "crate engine" or "crate motor" is any [[automotive engine|automobile engine]] that is shipped to the installer in a [[crate]], which can include short or long block configurations.<ref name="Hadfield 2013 p. 185">{{cite book |last=Hadfield |first=C. |title=Today's Technician: Automotive Engine Repair & Rebuilding, Classroom Manual and Shop Manual, Spiral bound Version |publisher=Cengage Learning |series=MindTap Course List Series |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-133-60251-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHQj2roUoaQC&pg=PT185 |access-date=16 June 2019 |page=185 |quote=A crate engine is a new or remanufactured engine that is built with fresh components, such as bearings, rings, and lifters. You can purchase crate engines with or without cylinder heads. When an engine is mounted perpendicular to the ...}}</ref> For this article, a crate engine is defined as a fully-assembled engine that includes more than what is typically installed on a long block; the exact configuration will vary by vendor. It is also sometimes known as a "deluxe long block", which usually includes the fuel and intake system, distributor, oil pan, and ignition system. In some cases, exhaust manifold(s) and the water pump are included.<ref name=MT-2020/>

Crate engines are manufactured by many different companies, but they all share the same characteristics of being complete engines nearly ready to install once removed from the crate. Generally a crate engine still will require additional parts to be fitted, which can range from minor (engine oil dipstick) to major (intake manifold and fuel injection system), depending on the engine package purchased and the targeted vehicle application.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motortrend.com/how-to/1810-we-list-small-parts-needed-perform-crate-engine-swap/ |title=We List the Small Parts Needed to Perform a Crate Engine Swap |author=Smith, Jeff |date=October 8, 2018 |work=Motor Trend |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mopar.com/en-us/shop/performance/engine-accessories.html |title=Crate Hemi engine kit parts explained |website=Mopar |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> This type of engine has various applications including general replacement, [[hot rod]] builds, and motorsports competition.<ref name="Baechtel 2014 p. 20">{{cite book |last=Baechtel |first=J. |title=Chevy Big-Block Engine Parts Interchange: The Ultimate Guide to Sourcing and Selecting Compatible Factory Parts |publisher=CarTech, Incorporated |series=S-A design |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61325-050-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBlbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |access-date=17 June 2019 |pages=20–26}}</ref> Crate engines are often seen as an economical and more reliable solution as opposed to engine overhauls or custom builds. Such engines are built by specialist engine builders, working in clean and well-equipped workshops, rather than general purpose repair garages.

Crate engines may be either brand new, or substantially rebuilt. If rebuilt, they will have been rebuilt to an extent such that they are considered to be of equal quality, reliability and expected lifetime as a new engine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/cars-101/37487/short-block-vs-long-block |title=Short Block vs. Long Block Engines: Know the Differences |author=Markovich, Tony |date=August 6, 2021 |work=The Drive |access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Applications ===
Crate engines are well suited in many different vehicle platforms. Engines are often used in the following applications:
* General automobile engine replacement
* Custom hot rod street builds
* Marine engine replacements
* Motorsports Competition (Asphalt, [[Dirt track racing|dirt track]], [[drag racing]] etc.)

=== Advantages ===
Crate engines are often seen as an economical choice no matter what the application is. In general automobile engine replacement, a crate engine is often very competitively priced when compared to the cost of a full rebuild of a faulty engine. It is also quicker to ship from stock than to wait an equal time for parts, then to begin a rebuild. Installers often opt for the crate engine because of the cost and ease of replacement. Crate engines are typically a bolt-in replacement with no internal work being performed to the engine compared to a complete overhaul that requires internal part replacement by trained mechanics. Hot Rod and other custom street applications also often choose a crate engine because of the higher value when compared to a custom built engine.

In motorsports, the crate engine option has become very popular for various reasons. Crate engines are often a more affordable option when compared to a purpose-built race engine so budget racers often go this route. The crate engine also has developed a large fan base in many different racing series because of the competitive racing. As all racers in the field have identical engines, the races are won by driver's talent and chassis setup, and not the amount of horsepower a team can afford to build into their engine.

=== EV crate engines ===

{{See also|Electric vehicle conversion}}

[[File:Battery-Pack-Leaf.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nissan Leaf]] traction battery]]
In general, simply swapping an internal combustion engine for an electric [[traction motor]] is not sufficient; a complete [[electric vehicle]] (EV) drivetrain conversion also requires installation of a storage battery, inverter, reduction gear, and controller. Most of these separate components can be packaged with the motor in a unit that is dimensionally compatible with the existing engine compartment, but the battery is usually the bulkiest, heaviest component of an EV powertrain and can create a significant challenge for fitment.<ref name=PR-2021/> In recent years, the restoration and EV conversion of a [[classic car]] has become known as an ''[[electromod]]'', a [[portmanteau]] of electrification and [[restomod]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2020/11/04/open-diff-which-vehicles-make-the-most-sense-to-electromod |title=Open Diff: Which vehicles make the most sense to electromod? |author=Strohl, Daniel |date=4 November 2020 |website=Hemmings |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

====Aftermarket====
[[File:EVAdapterOverview.jpg|thumb|right|Engine compartment of a converted EV, showing the adapter plate used to couple the traction motor and transmission.  Note the multiple horns toward the upper left, which are not part of the motor]]
Hobbyists have been converting cars to EVs since at least the 1960s. Historically, these have used aircraft [[starter motor]]s and lead-acid batteries; several books have been written to document and guide these conversions,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evalbum.com/build |title=So You Want to Build an Electric Car |date=October 3, 2009 |website=EV Album |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> including ''The Complete Book of Electric Vehicles'' (Shacket, 1979),<ref name=Shacket79>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/completebookofel0000shac |title=The Complete Book of Electric Vehicles |author=Shacket, Sheldon R. |date=1979 |publisher=Domus Books |location=Northbrook, Illinois |isbn=0-89196-033-3 |url-access=registration}}</ref> ''How to Convert to an Electric Car'' (Lucas & Riess, 1980),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/howtoconverttoel0000luca |title=How to Convert to an Electric Car |url-access=registration |author1=Lucas, Ted |author2=Riess, Fred |date=1980 |publisher=Crown Publishers, Inc. |isbn=0-517-54055X}}</ref> ''Convert It'' (Brown & Prange, 1993),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/manualzilla-id-6016361 |title=Convert It |author1=Brown, Michael P |author2=Prange, Shari |date=1993 |publisher=Future Books |edition=3rd |location=Ft. Lauderdale, FL |isbn=1-879857-94-4}}</ref> and ''Build Your Own Electric Vehicle'' (Brant, 1994).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/buildyourownelec0000bran |title=Build Your Own Electric Vehicle |author=Brant, Bob |date=1994 |url-access=registration |publisher=TAB Books |isbn=0-8306-4232-3}}</ref> Many recent non-factory electromods are implemented by extracting and adapting the complete drivetrain (traction motor(s), battery, controller, and inverter) from an existing mass-produced EV, such as Tesla. East Coast Defender demonstrated a Tesla EV-sourced powertrain conversion of a 1969–96 [[Range Rover Classic]], developed with Electric Classic Cars, to ''[[Motor Trend]]'' in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/ecd-electric-land-range-rover-classic-first-drive-review/ |title=ECD Electric Land Rover Range Rover Classic First Drive: Electro-Luxe |author=Markus, Frank |date=July 13, 2021 |work=Motor Trend |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> In October 2019 there were no purpose-built crate engine EV kits available commercially, but such projects were in development.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pistonheads.com/news/ph-ev/swindon-powertrain-launches-crate-ev-motor/41140 |title=Swindon Powertrain launches crate EV motor |website= PistonHeads |location=UK |date=17 October 2019 |first=Dafydd |last=Wood |access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> For example, EV West announced their Revolt Tesla Crate Motor in 2020, which married an electric traction motor from Tesla with a gear reduction unit and ended in a universal joint yoke, a suitable interface for a driveshaft.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/tesla-crate-motor-ev-conversion-small-block-v-8/ |title=Scrap the Small-Block V-8 Swap and sub in This Literal Tesla Crate Motor |author=Stoklosa, Alexander |date=October 2, 2020 |work=Motor Trend |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> Mechanically, the motor is fitted with mounts compatible with Chevrolet small-block engines to take advantage of numerous small-block repower kits.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/news/the-new-crate-motor-by-ev-west-and-revolt-fits-just-like-a-small-block-chevy/ |title=The new crate motor by EV West and Revolt fits just like a small-block Chevy |date=5 October 2020 |author=Thomas, Phillip |work=Hagerty |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

====Automobile manufacturers====
Previously in 2018, [[Chevrolet Performance]] advanced an "electric crate motor" concept with the unveiling of the eCOPO Camaro at that year's [[SEMA (association)|SEMA]] show. The eCOPO Camaro was a [[Chevrolet Camaro (sixth generation)|2019 COPO Camaro]] which was equipped with a pair of [[BorgWarner]] HVH250-150 motor assemblies instead of the conventional piston engine. The electric traction motor essentially served as a drop-in replacement with the same [[bellhousing]] bolt pattern and crankshaft flange as the [[General Motors LS-based small-block engine|LS engine family]], so the car retained the same transmission, driveshaft, and axles as the conventional COPO Camaro.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2018/oct/sema/1029-e-copo.html |title=eCOPO Camaro race car concept electrifies drag racing |date=October 29, 2018 |publisher=Chevrolet Pressroom |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/chevrolet-ecopo-camaro-concept-is-a-700-hp-electric-drag-racer/ |title=Chevrolet eCOPO Camro Concept is a 700-HP Electric Drag Racer |author=Woodard, Collin |date=October 30, 2018 |work=Motor Trend |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> At the 2019 SEMA show, Chevrolet continued to develop the concept, following up with the E-10 Concept, which used the powertrains from two [[Chevrolet Bolt|Bolts]] repackaged into in a restored [[Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|1962 C-10 pickup truck]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a29714391/chevy-e-10-pickup-sema/ |title=Chevy's 450-HP E-10 Pickup Concept Seeks to Electrify Gearhead Hearts and Minds |author=Mortimer, Maxwell B. |date=November 6, 2019 |work=Car and Driver |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> The following year for SEMA, Chevrolet showcased the "Electric Connect and Cruise" eCrate package in October 2020, which included the main drivetrain components of a single Bolt (motor, battery, controller, and inverter), and was demonstrated as a retrofit to a restored [[Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|1977 K5 Blazer]]. The kit was scheduled to go on sale in the second half of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/37354/the-chevrolet-performance-ecrate-is-here-to-make-electric-drivetrain-swaps-easier-than-ever |title=The Chevrolet Performance eCrate Is Here to Make Electric Drivetrain Swaps Easier Than Ever |author=Schrader, Stef |date=October 29, 2020 |work=The Drive |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> The Bolt motor is modified by removing the differential and reduction gear unit, then fitting an adapter plate and crank flange, allowing it to bolt to a conventional transmission. Together with the controller and inverter, the motor occupies approximately the same space as a small-block V8; the {{cvt|900|lb}} battery presents a greater challenge for packaging, which is why the initial development has focused on trucks.<ref name=PR-2021>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.performanceracing.com/magazine/featured/01-01-2021/shocking-rivalry |title=Shocking Rivalry |author=Magda, Mike |date=January 2021 |magazine=Performance Racing |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> {{as of|2022|07}}, it was still being explored as a "future business opportunity", according to Chevrolet Vice President Scott Bell.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2022/07/20/gm-ev-kit-chevy-electric/10089296002/ |title=Chevrolet to offer kit to convert gasoline classic cars into EVs |author=LaReau, Jamie L. |date=July 20, 2022 |work=Detroit Free Press |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Ford F-100 Eluminator Concept Truck.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ford F-series#Eluminator|1978 F-100 Eluminator]] "electromod" truck, displayed at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] (Feb 2022)]]
In November 2021, [[Ford Performance]] released the "Eluminator" {{cvt|281|hp|kW|0|order=flip}} crate EV motor, which was the same traction motor used in the [[Ford Mustang Mach-E]] GT Performance Edition and used to power the [[Ford F-series#Eluminator|1978 F-100 Eluminator]] restomod pickup truck.<ref name=EluminatorPR>{{cite press release |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/11/02/all-electric-f-100-eluminator-concept.html |title=The future of custom vehicles: Ford unveils all-electric F-100 Eluminator Concept with new EV crate motor customers can now buy |date=November 2, 2021 |publisher=Ford Motor Company |location=Las Vegas, Nevada |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> As of 3 November 2021, it was available for pre-order but not yet shipping.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eluminator Mach E Electric Motor ~ M9000MACHE |url=https://accessories.ford.com/products/eluminator-mach-e-electric-motor |website=Ford Store |location=US |access-date=2021-11-03}}</ref>

===Common crate engines used in North American racing===
[[File:IMCA Southern Sportmod.jpg|thumb|Open Wheel Modifieds are a common type of application for crate engines]]

General Motors began developing several small block crate race car engines in 2001 and they were released into production in 2002. The engines are sealed and repairs being done by certified rebuilders.<ref name="HotRod03282012" /> 

====Chevrolet 602====
The Chevrolet engine debuted in 2002 with part number 1958602 and sold for a little under $4000 in 2012.<ref name="HotRod03282012" /> It has 350 cubic inch displacement via a 4.000 inch bore and 3.480 inch stroke.<ref name="Chevrolet 2018">{{cite web |title=CT 350 Circle Track Crate Engine |website=Chevrolet |date=20 May 2018 |url=https://www.chevrolet.com/performance/crate-engines/ct-350 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520200215/https://www.chevrolet.com/performance/crate-engines/ct-350 |archive-date=20 May 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=16 June 2019 }}</ref> The 602 engine is equipped with iron heads, a cast-iron block, and aluminum pistons.<ref name="HotRod03282012">{{cite news |last1=Huneycutt |first1=Jeff |title=Crate Motor - Repurposed Crate |url=https://www.hotrod.com/articles/ctrp-1207-repurposed-crate-motor/ |access-date=June 13, 2021 |work=Hot Rod |date=March 28, 2012 |language=en}}</ref> It produces about 350 horsepower and 390 foot-pounds of torque at 9.1:1 compression.<ref name="HotRod03282012" />

Applications for this engine include: [[International Motor Contest Association|IMCA]] Hobby Stock, IMCA Northern Sport Modified, IMCA Southern Sport Modified,<ref name="IMCANewPartNumbers">{{cite web |title=New part numbers announced for GM 602, 604 crate engines |url=https://www.imca.com/2018/01/05/new-part-numbers-announced-for-gm-602-604-crate-engines/ |website=IMCA (International Motor Contest Association) |access-date=June 13, 2021 |date=2018-01-05}}</ref> [[Mid-American Stock cars]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Mid-American rules package |url=https://crateinsider.com/content/2018-MASCS-Rules.pdf |access-date=June 13, 2021 |date=2018}}</ref> Northeastern (United States) Sportman,<ref name="LeaderHerald">{{cite news |last1=Ellis |first1=James A. |title=Racing Around: Point chase at Fonda heating up |url=https://www.leaderherald.com/sports/local-sports/2021/06/racing-around-point-chase-at-fonda-heating-up/ |access-date=June 26, 2021 |work=[[The Leader Herald]] |date=June 24, 2021}}</ref> Crate Racing USA,<ref name="CrateRacingUSA">{{cite web |title=Page 1of 15National Touring Series Rules 2021 |url=https://www.crateracinusa.com/downloads/get.aspx?i=621518 |publisher=Crate Racing USA |access-date=July 4, 2021 |format=pdf}}</ref> and others.

====Chevrolet 603====
The Chevrolet engine has part number 88959603.<ref name="GMTechnicalManual">{{cite web |title=Circle Track Crate Engine Technical Manual |url=https://staffordmotorspeedway.com/wp-content/uploads/GM-602-CRATE-ENGINE-TECH-MANUAL.pdf |publisher=[[General Motors]] |access-date=June 25, 2021}}</ref> It has 355 cubic inch displacement and 405 foot pounds of torque at 10.1:1 compression.<ref name="GMTechnicalManual" /> The 603 engine is equipped with aluminum heads, steel crank, and high silicon pistons.<ref name="GMTechnicalManual" /> The [[American Canadian Tour]] (ACT) late model sportsman utilize this engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACT Late Model Sportsman 2021 Rules |url=https://crateinsider.com/act-late-model-sportsman/ |website=crateinsider.com |access-date=July 5, 2021}}</ref>

====Chevrolet 604====
The Chevrolet engine debuted in 2002 with part number 88958604 and sold for about $5000 in 2012.<ref name="HotRod03282012" /> The 604 engine is equipped with aluminum heads, forged steel crankshaft, and an aluminum intake.<ref name="HotRod03282012" /> It produces about 400 horsepower and 400 foot-pounds of torque with a 9.6:1 compression.<ref name="HotRod03282012" />

Applications for this engine includes [[IMCA Modified]]s (starting in 2013),<ref>{{cite web |title=GM 604 Crate Engine Becomes IMCA Modified Option In 2013 |url=https://www.performanceracing.com/magazine/industry-news/08-17-2012/gm-604-crate-engine-becomes-imca-modified-option-2013 |website=www.performanceracing.com |access-date=June 25, 2021}}</ref> [[Champion Racing Association|CRA]] All Stars Tour (allowed but not required),<ref name="IMCANewPartNumbers" /> United Crate Racing Alliance,<ref name="InsideDirtRacingHowMuchCheating">{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Richard |title=How much "cheating" is actually taking place in Crate Late Model racing?|url=https://insidedirtracing.com/how-much-cheating-is-actually-taking-place-in-crate-late-model-racing/ |website=Inside Dirt Racing |access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref> Big 8 Series,<ref>{{cite web |title=Big 8 Series Rules |url=https://www.elkospeedway.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2016-Big-8-Rules.pdf |publisher=[[Elko Speedway]] |access-date=June 25, 2021 |date=2016}}</ref> RUSH Late Models,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doug |first1=Kennedy |title=Sweeney RUSH Racing Series Offering a Viable Option With Crate Engine Racing to Veteran Racers Throughout the Northeast |url=https://www.rushlatemodels.com/Crates%20veteran%20story.html |access-date=June 25, 2021 |agency=RUSH Late Models |date=June 26, 2015}}</ref> Crate Racing USA,<ref name="CrateRacingUSA" /> and others.

====Ford 347====
Ford Performance 347 Cubic Inches 415 HP Sealed Racing Engine<ref name="Parts 2017">{{cite web |last=Parts |first=Ford Performance |title=347 Cubic Inch 415 HP Sealed Racing Engine |website=Ford Performance Parts |date=29 December 2017 |url=https://performanceparts.ford.com/part/M-6007-D347SR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112315/https://performanceparts.ford.com/part/M-6007-D347SR |archive-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=16 June 2019 }}</ref>