Editing Baghdad (section)

===Ottoman and Mamluks (16th–19th centuries)===
{{see also|Baghdad Eyalet|Baghdad Vilayet|History of Baghdad (1831–1917)}}
The Safavids took control of the city in 1509 under the leadership of Shah Ismail I. It remained under Safavid rule until the Ottomans seized it in 1535, but the Safavids regained control in 1624. A massacre occurred when the Shah's army entered the city. It remained under Safavid rule until 1639 when Sultan Murad IV recaptured it in 1638.

In 1534, Baghdad was [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)|captured]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Ottoman Iraq: Geography, People and History |date=2011 |work=The Ottoman Origins of Modern Iraq |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755610983.ch-001 |access-date=2025-05-29 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84885-425-3}}</ref> Under the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], Baghdad continued into a [[History of Baghdad (1831–1917)|period of decline]], partially as a result of the enmity between its rulers and [[Iran]]ian [[Safavids]], which did not accept the [[Sunni]] control of the city. [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)|Between 1623 and 1638]], it returned to Iranian rule before falling back into Ottoman hands.<ref>{{Citation |last=Güngörürler |first=Selim |title=Settings and Trends of the Ottoman–Safavid Detente |date=2024-03-01 |work=The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, 1639-1683 |pages=15–35 |url=https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781399510103.003.0002 |access-date=2025-05-29 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-3995-1010-3}}</ref> Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the [[plague (disease)|plague]] and [[cholera]],<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PA99 The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: a documentary economic history] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504154243/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PA99 |date=4 May 2016 }}''". Charles Philip Issawi (1988). [[Oxford University Press US]]. p.99. {{ISBN|978-0-19-504951-0}}</ref> and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.<ref>Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık, Donald Quataert (1997). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA651 An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513231157/https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA651 |date=13 May 2016 }}''". [[Cambridge University Press]]. p.651. {{ISBN|978-0-521-57455-6}}</ref> The city became part of an [[Baghdad Eyalet|eyalet]] and then a [[Baghdad vilayet|vilayet]].<ref>{{Citation |title=vilayet, n. |date=2023-03-02 |work=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oed/4317922580 |access-date=2025-05-29 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

For a time, Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East.<ref name="Cetinsaya-1890" /> The city saw relative revival in the latter part of the 18th century, under [[Mamluk dynasty of Iraq|Mamluk]] government.<ref name="Cetinsaya-1890" /> Direct Ottoman rule was reimposed by [[Ali Rıza Pasha (governor of Baghdad)|Ali Rıza Pasha]] in 1831.<ref name="Cetinsaya-1890" /> From 1851 to 1852 and from 1861 to 1867, Baghdad was governed, under the Ottoman Empire by [[Mehmed Namık Pasha]].<ref name="Cetinsaya-1890">Cetinsaya, Gokhan. ''Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890–1908''. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.</ref> The [[Nuttall Encyclopedia]] reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185,000.<ref name="Cetinsaya-1890" />

The city's municipality was established in 1868, and Ibrahim al-Daftari was appointed its first mayor.<ref name="neelwafurat-2025">{{Cite web |title=Nwf.com: الإدارة العثمانية في ولاية بغداد: جميل موسى النجا: كتب |url=https://www.neelwafurat.com/itempage.aspx?id=lbb146642-108021&search=books |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=www.neelwafurat.com}}</ref> The year 1869 is of great importance in the history of Baghdad in the Ottoman era, as it was the beginning of what can be considered a distinct era of the Ottoman eras, the foundations of which were laid by Governor [[Midhat Pasha]], who implemented a number of reform systems and laws that the state legislated during the era of reforms and reconstruction, which was called the Tanzimat era.<ref name="neelwafurat-2025" /> The overall importance of Baghdad to the Ottomans was that they made the headquarters of the Sixth Corps of the Ottoman Army in the city.<ref name="neelwafurat-2025" />

By the 19th century, Baghdad emerged as a leading center for Jewish learning.<ref name="issuu-1846">{{Cite news |title=EIGHT YEARSI NASIA AND AFRICAFROM 1846 TO 1855. |url=https://issuu.com/dsegal2k/docs/ben2/260?ff=true |access-date=23 August 2018 |work=issuu}}</ref> The city had Jewish population of over 6,000 and had numerous yeshivas.<ref name="issuu-1846" /> The Jewish population has grown so rapidly that by 1884, there were 30,000 Jews in Baghdad and by 1900, around 50,000, comprising over a quarter of the city's total population.<ref name="issuu-1846" /> Large-scale Jewish immigration from Kurdistan to Baghdad continued throughout this period.<ref name="issuu-1846" /> By the mid-19th century, the religious infrastructure of Baghdad grew to include a large yeshiva which trained up to sixty rabbis at time.<ref name="issuu-1846" /> Religious scholarship flourished in Baghdad, which produced great rabbis, such as Joseph Hayyim ben Eliahu Mazal-Tov, known as the [[Ben Ish Chai]] (1834–1909) or Rabbi [[Abdallah Somekh]] (1813–1889). During this time, Baghdadi Jews established a successful trade diaspora in China, India and Singapore.

<gallery widths="200" heights="160" mode="packed">
File:Baghdad Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (1609).png|[[Baghdad Eyalet]] in 1609
File:Baghdad Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (1900).png|[[Baghdad Vilayet]] in 1900
File:Market-Place of Bagdad.jpeg|Souk in Baghdad, 1876
</gallery>