Editing Binding problem (section)

=== Experimental work ===
Visual feature binding is suggested to have a selective attention to the locations of the objects. If indeed spatial attention does play a role in binding integration it will do so primarily when object location acts as a binding cue. A study's findings have shown that functional MRI images indicate regions of the parietal cortex involved in spatial attention, engaged in feature conjunction tasks in single feature tasks. The task involved multiple objects being shown simultaneously at different locations which activated the parietal cortex, whereas when multiple objects are shown sequentially at the same location the parietal cortex was less engaged.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shafritz|first1=Keith M.|last2=Gore|first2=John C.|last3=Marois|first3=René|title=The role of the parietal cortex in visual feature binding|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|pages=10917–10922|language=en|doi=10.1073/pnas.152694799|date=6 August 2002|volume=99|issue=16|pmid=12149449|pmc=125073|bibcode=2002PNAS...9910917S|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Behavioral experiments ====
Dezfouli et al. investigated feature binding through two feature dimensions to disambiguate whether a specific combination of color and motion direction is perceived as bound or unbound. Two behaviorally relevant features, including color and motion belonging to the same object, are defined as the "bound" condition, whereas the "unbound" condition has features that belong to different objects. Local field potentials were recorded from the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) in monkeys and were monitored during different stimulus configurations. The findings suggest a neural representation of visual feature binding in 4 to 12 Hertz [[frequency bands]]. It is also suggested that transmission of binding information is relayed through different lPFC neural subpopulations. The data shows behavioral relevance of binding information that is linked to the animal's reaction time. This includes the involvement of the prefrontal cortex targeted by the dorsal and ventral visual streams in binding visual features from different dimensions (color and motion).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Parto Dezfouli|first1=Mohsen|last2=Schwedhelm|first2=Philipp|last3=Wibral|first3=Michael|last4=Treue|first4=Stefan|last5=Daliri|first5=Mohammad Reza|last6=Esghaei|first6=Moein|title=A neural correlate of visual feature binding in primate lateral prefrontal cortex|journal=NeuroImage|pages=117757|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117757|date=1 April 2021|volume=229|pmid=33460801|s2cid=231607062|doi-access=free}}</ref>

It is suggested that the visual feature binding consists of two different mechanisms in visual perception. One mechanism consists of agonistic familiarity of possible combinations of features integrating several temporal integration windows. It is speculated that this process is mediated by neural synchronization processes and temporal synchronization in the visual cortex. The second mechanism is mediated by familiarity with the stimulus and is provided by attentional top-down support from familiar objects.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bernhard|first1=Hommel|title=When an object is more than a binding of its features: Evidence for two mechanisms of visual feature integration|url=https://bernhard-hommel.eu/Integrating%20features%20and%20objects.pdf|website=Psychology Press|publisher=Leiden University Institute for Psychological Research, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands}}</ref>