Editing Calendula (section)

==Pharmacological effects==
''Calendula officinalis'' oil is still used medicinally as an [[anti-inflammatory]] and a remedy for healing wounds.<ref name=okoh>Okoh, O. O., et al. (2008). [http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/viewFile/58699/47025 The effects of drying on the chemical components of essential oils of ''Calendula officinalis'' L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185816/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/viewFile/58699/47025 |date=2013-10-29 }} ''African Journal of Biotechnology'' 7(10) 1500-02.</ref> ''Calendula'' ointments are skin products available for use on minor cuts, burns, and skin irritation;<ref name=NCI>[http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?CdrID=446562 Calendula ointment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000907/http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?CdrID=446562 |date=2015-04-19 }} entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms</ref> though evidence of their effectiveness is weak.<ref name=NCI/><ref>{{cite journal |title=''Calendula officinalis'' and Wound Healing: A Systematic Review |author=Matthew J. Leach |date=2008 |volume=20 |issue=8 |journal=Wounds |url=https://www.woundsresearch.com/article/9064 |access-date=2019-03-19 |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195546/https://www.woundsresearch.com/article/9064 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that ''Calendula'' extracts have antiviral, [[genotoxic|antigenotoxic]], and anti-inflammatory properties ''[[in vitro]]''.<ref name=jim>Jimenez-Medina, E., et al. (2006). A new extract of the plant ''Calendula officinalis'' produces a dual in vitro effect: cytotoxic anti-tumor activity and lymphocyte activation. ''BMC Cancer''. 6:6.</ref> In [[herbalism]], ''Calendula'' in suspension or in tincture is used topically for treating [[Acne vulgaris|acne]], reducing inflammation, controlling bleeding, and soothing irritated tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Results of the clinical examination of an ointment with marigold (''Calendula officinalis'') extract in the treatment of venous leg ulcers |journal=Int J Tissue React |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=101–6 |year=2005 |pmid=16372475 |last1=Duran |first1=V |last2=Matic |first2=M |last3=Jovanovć |first3=M |last4=Mimica |first4=N |last5=Gajinov |first5=Z |last6=Poljacki |first6=M |last7=Boza |first7=P}}</ref><ref name=pom>Pommier, P., et al. (2004). [http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/22/8/1447.full.pdf Phase III randomized trial of ''Calendula officinalis'' compared with trolamine for the prevention of acute dermatitis during irradiation for breast cancer.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726045530/http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/22/8/1447.full.pdf |date=2015-07-26 }} ''J Clin Oncol.'' 22(8) 1447-53.</ref>
Limited evidence indicates ''Calendula'' cream or ointment is effective in treating [[radiation dermatitis]].<ref>McQuestion, M. (2006). Evidence-based skin care management in radiation therapy. ''Semin Oncol Nurs''. 22 163-73.</ref><ref>Bolderston, A., et al. (2006). The prevention and management of acute skin reactions related to radiation therapy: a systematic review and practice guideline. ''Support Care Cancer''. 14 802-17</ref> Topical application of ''C. officinalis'' ointment has helped to prevent dermatitis and pain; thus reducing the incidence rate of skipped radiation treatments in [[randomized trial]]s.<ref name=pom/>

''Calendula'' has been used traditionally for abdominal cramps and constipation.<ref name="Bashir S 2006">Bashir S, Janbaz KH, Jabeen Q et al. (2006). Studies on spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of ''Calendula officinalis'' flowers. ''Phytother Res''. '''20''':906-910.</ref> In experiments with rabbit [[jejunum]], the aqueous-ethanol extract of ''C. officinalis'' flowers was shown to have both spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects, thus providing a scientific rationale for this traditional use.<ref name="Bashir S 2006"/> An aqueous extract of ''C. officinalis'' obtained by a novel extraction method has demonstrated antitumor (cytotoxic) activity and immunomodulatory properties (lymphocyte activation) ''in vitro'', as well as antitumor activity in mice.<ref name=jim/>

''Calendula'' plants are known to cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals,<ref name=MSKCC>{{cite web |url=http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/herb/calendula |title=About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products: Calendula |date=19 June 2023 |publisher=[[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]] |access-date=25 February 2012 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404010733/http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/herb/calendula |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11722485 |year=2001 |last1=Reider |first1=N |last2=Komericki |first2=P |last3=Hausen |first3=BM |last4=Fritsch |first4=P |last5=Aberer |first5=W |title=The seamy side of natural medicines: Contact sensitization to arnica (Arnica montana L.) and marigold (''Calendula officinalis''L.) |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=269–72 |journal=Contact Dermatitis |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450503.x |s2cid=38613828}}</ref> and should be avoided during pregnancy.<ref name=MSKCC/>