Editing Cardiff Castle (section)

===17th–18th centuries===
[[File:Cardiff Castle 1610.jpg|thumb|[[John Speed]]'s depiction of the castle in 1610]]
In 1610 the [[cartographer]] [[John Speed]] produced a map of the castle, and noted that it was "large and in good repair."<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=63}}</ref> In 1642, however, [[English Civil War|civil war]] broke out between the rival [[Cavaliers|Royalist]] supporters of King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and [[Parliament of England|Parliament]]. Cardiff Castle was then owned by [[Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke|Philip Herbert]], a moderate Parliamentarian, and the castle was initially held by a pro-Royalist garrison. It was taken by Parliamentary forces in the early period of the war, according to popular tradition by a sneak attack using a secret passageway.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|pp=63–64}}</ref> The Royalist commander [[William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset|William Seymour]], the [[Marquess of Hertford]], then attacked the castle in turn, taking it in a surprise assault. Parliamentary forces and local troops then immediately besieged the castle, retaking it after five hours of fighting and reinstalling a garrison.<ref name=Grant1923P64>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=64}}</ref> In early 1645 Mr Carne, the High Sheriff, rebelled against Parliament, taking Cardiff town but initially failing to seize the castle.<ref name=Grant1923P64/> The King sent forces from Oxford, under the command of Sir Charles Kemys, to reinforce Carne but Parliament despatched a naval squadron to provide support to their forces from the sea.<ref name=Grant1923P64/> A small battle ensued before the castle was taken by the Royalists.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|pp=64–65}}</ref>

With the Royalist military position across the country worsening, King Charles himself came to Cardiff Castle that July to meet with local Welsh leaders.<ref name=Grant1923P65>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=65}}</ref> Relations between his commander in the region, Sir [[Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield|Charles Gerard]], and the people of Glamorgan had deteriorated badly and when Charles left the castle, he was confronted by a small army of angry locals, demanding to be given control of the castle.<ref name=Grant1923P65/> These [[clubmen]] then declared themselves the "Peaceable Army" and increased their demands to include near independence for the region.<ref>{{harvnb|Hutton|2003|p=188}}</ref> After negotiations, a compromise was found in which the royal garrison would quit the castle, to be replaced by a local Glamorgan force, commanded by Sir Richard Beaupré; in return, £800 and a force of a thousand men were promised to Charles.<ref name=Grant1923P65/> In September, Charles returned to South Wales and reneged on the agreement, disbanding the Peaceable Army, but his military position in the region was collapsing.<ref name=Bennett2000P99>{{harvnb|Bennett|2000|p=99}}</ref> The Peaceable Army's leaders switched sides and forced the surrender of Cardiff and the castle to Parliament in mid-September.<ref name=Bennett2000P99/>

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| image1 = Cardiff Castle Lodgings 1785.jpg
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| footer = The main lodgings in 1785 (l) and the south gateway (r), showing the internal bailey wall destroyed by [[Capability Brown]]
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With the outbreak of fresh fighting in 1648, a Royalist army of 8,000 fresh recruits was mustered under the command of General [[Rowland Laugharne]] and [[Sir Edward Stradling, 3rd Baronet|Sir Edward Stradling]], with the intent of retaking Cardiff.<ref name=Grant1923P66>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=66}}</ref> Parliamentary forces in [[Brecon]] under the command of Colonel [[Thomas Horton (soldier)|Thomas Horton]] moved quickly to reinforce the castle, although with only 3,000 men they were content to wait until a larger army under [[Oliver Cromwell]] could arrive from [[Gloucester]].<ref name=Grant1923P66/> With time against them, the Royalist army attacked, leading to the [[battle of St Fagans]] just to the west of Cardiff, and a heavy Royalist defeat.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|pp=66–67}}</ref>

After the war, Cardiff Castle escaped the [[slighting]], or deliberate damage and destruction, that affected many other castles.<ref name=Thompson1987P155>{{harvnb|Thompson|1987|p=155}}</ref> Probably because of the threat of a pro-Royalist invasion by the [[Presbyterian]] Scots, a Parliamentary garrison was installed instead and the castle remained intact.<ref name=Thompson1987P155/> The Herberts continued to own the castle as the Earls of Pembroke, both during the [[Interregnum (England)|interregnum]] and after the [[Restoration (England)|restoration]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]].<ref name=Grant1923P55>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=55}}</ref> The castle's constable continued to act as mayor of the town of Cardiff, controlling the meetings of the town's burgesses, bailiffs and aldermen; the Herberts usually appointed members of the more important local gentry to this position during the period.<ref>{{harvnb|Jenkins|1984|p=182}}</ref>

[[File:Cardiff Castle main range, mid-19th century.jpg|thumb|The Georgian main lodgings, depicted in the mid-19th century]]
Lady Charlotte Herbert was the last of the family to control Cardiff Castle.<ref name=Grant1923P55/> She married twice, latterly to [[Thomas Windsor, 1st Viscount Windsor|Thomas, Viscount Windsor]], and on her death in 1733 the castle passed to their son, [[Herbert Windsor, 2nd Viscount Windsor|Herbert]].<ref name=Grant1923P55/> Herbert's daughter, Charlotte Jane Windsor, married, in November 1766, [[John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute|John, Lord Mount Stuart]], who rose to become the [[Marquess of Bute]] in 1794, beginning a family line that would control the castle for the next century.<ref name=Grant1923P55/>

In 1776, Bute began to renovate the property with the intention of turning it into a residence for his son, [[John Stuart, Lord Mount Stuart|John]].<ref name=Grant1923P67>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=67}}</ref> The grounds were radically altered under a programme of work that involved [[Capability Brown]] and his son-in-law, [[Henry Holland (architect)|Henry Holland]].<ref>{{harvnb|Webster|1981|p=211}}; {{harvnb|Jenkins|2002|p=198}}</ref> The stone wall that separated the inner and outer baileys was destroyed using gunpowder, the Shire Hall and the knights' houses in the outer bailey were destroyed and the remaining ground partially flattened; the whole of the area was laid with turf.<ref>{{harvnb|Webster|1981|p=211}}; {{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=67}}</ref> Considerable work was carried out on the main lodgings, demolishing the Herbert additions, building two new wings and removing many of the older features to produce a more contemporary, 18th-century appearance.<ref name="Grant 1923 67–68">{{harvnb|Grant|1923|pp=67–68}}</ref> The keep and motte was stripped of the ivy and trees that had grown up them, and a spiral path was laid down around the motte.<ref name=CofleinP3>{{cite web | url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | title=Cardiff Castle and Bute Park | access-date=4 November 2012 | author=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales | publisher=Coflein | page=3 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215132/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref> The motte's moat was filled in as part of the landscaping.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|1884|p=348}}</ref> A summer house was built in the south-east corner of the castle.<ref name=CofleinP3/> Further work was planned on the property, including a reported proposal to roof the keep in [[copper]], insert new windows and turn it into an assembly room for dances, but these projects were cut short by the death of Bute's son in 1794.<ref name="Grant 1923 67–68"/>