Editing Cebuano language (section)

===Consonants===
For Cebuano consonants, all the stops are unaspirated. The [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}} occurs in all positions, including at the beginning of a word (e.g. ''ngano'', "why"). The [[glottal stop]] {{IPAslink|ʔ}} is most commonly encountered in between two vowels, but can also appear in all positions.<ref name="Endriga 2010"/>

Like in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], glottal stops are usually not indicated in writing. When indicated, it is commonly written as a [[hyphen]] or an [[apostrophe]] if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. ''tu-o'' or ''tu'o'', "right"). More formally, when it occurs at the end of the word, it is indicated by a [[circumflex accent]] if both a stress and a glottal stop occurs at the final vowel (e.g. ''basâ'', "wet"); or a [[grave accent]] if the glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. ''batà'', "child").<ref name="expr">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html |title=The basics of Filipino pronunciation: Part 2 of 3 • accent marks |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=16 March 2011 |publisher=Pilipino Express |access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="nolasco">{{Cite book |url=http://fhl.digitalsolutions.ph/sites/default/files/grammar-notes.pdf |title=Grammar notes on the national language |last=Nolasco |first=Ricardo M.D. }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="tagalog">{{Cite book |url=http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf |title=Tagalog Reading Booklet |publisher=Simon & Schister's Pimsleur |year=2007 |editor-last=Schoellner |editor-first=Joan |pages=5–6 |access-date=16 September 2016 |editor-last2=Heinle |editor-first2=Beverly D. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127030759/http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Below is a chart of Cebuano consonants with their corresponding letter representation in parentheses:<ref name="Endriga 2010"/><ref name="phon"/><ref name="awl" /><ref name="comp">{{Citation |last=Bollas |first=Abigail A. |title=Comparative Analysis on the Phonology of Tagalog, Cebuano, and Itawis |url=https://www.academia.edu/4427395 |year=2013 |publisher=University of the Philippines{{dash}}Diliman}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Standard Cebuano consonants
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
!
!colspan=2| [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
!colspan=2| [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
!colspan=2| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]/<br>[[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
!colspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=2| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! <small>[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]</small>
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{IPA link|m}}&nbsp;{{angbr|m}}
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{IPA link|n̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|n}}
|colspan=2|
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"| ||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|{{IPA link|ŋ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|ng}}
|colspan=2|
|-
! <small>[[Stop consonant|Stop]]</small>
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|p}}&nbsp;{{angbr|p}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|b}}&nbsp;{{angbr|b}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|t̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|t}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|d̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|d}}
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|k}}&nbsp;{{angbr|k}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɡ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|g}}
|  style="width:20px; border-right:0;"|{{IPA link|ʔ}}&nbsp;||  style="width:20px; border-left:0;"|
|-
! <small>[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]</small>
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|s̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|s}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|h}}&nbsp;{{angbr|h}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
! <small>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]</small>
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|}}&nbsp;||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|dʒ}}&nbsp;{{angbr|j,dy}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| <small>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br>([[Lateral consonant#Approximants|Lateral]])</small>
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|j}}&nbsp;{{angbr|y}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|w}}&nbsp;{{angbr|w}}
|colspan=2|
|-
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|l̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|l}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|-
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɾ̪}}~{{IPA link|r̪}}&nbsp;{{angbr|r}}
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}

In certain dialects, {{IPA|/l/}} {{angbr|l}} may be interchanged with {{IPA|/w/}} {{angbr|w}} in between vowels and vice versa depending on the following conditions:<ref name="Endriga 2010"/>
* If {{angbr|l}} is in between {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|u}}/{{angbr|o}}, the vowel succeeding {{angbr|l}} is usually (but not always) dropped (e.g. ''lalóm'', "deep", becomes ''lawóm'' or ''lawm'').
* If {{angbr|l}} is in between {{angbr|u}}/{{angbr|o}} and {{angbr|a}}, it is the vowel that is preceding {{angbr|l}} that is instead dropped (e.g. ''bulan'', "moon", becomes ''buwan'' or ''bwan'')
* If {{angbr|l}} is in between two like vowels, the {{angbr|l}} may be dropped completely and the vowel lengthened. For example, ''dalá'' ("bring"), becomes ''da'' ({{IPA|/d̪aː/}}); and ''tulód'' ("push") becomes ''tud'' ({{IPA|/t̪uːd̪/}}).<ref name="Endriga 2010"/> Except if the '''l''' is in between [[closed syllables]] or is in the beginning of the penultimate syllable; in which case, the {{angbr|l}} is dropped along with one of the vowels, and no lengthening occurs. For example, ''kalatkat'', "climb", becomes ''katkat'' ({{IPA|/ˈkatkat/}} not {{IPA|/ˈkaːtkat/}}).

A final {{angbr|l}} can also be replaced with {{angbr|w}} in certain areas in Bohol (e.g. ''tambal'', "medicine", becomes ''tambaw''). In very rare cases in Cebu, {{angbr|l}} may also be replaced with {{angbr|y}} in between the vowels {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|e}}/{{angbr|i}} (e.g. ''tingali'', "maybe", becomes ''tingayi'').<ref name="Endriga 2010"/>

In some parts of Bohol and Southern Leyte, {{IPA|/j/}} {{angbr|y}} is also often replaced with {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} {{angbr|j/dy}} when it is in the beginning of a syllable (e.g. ''kalayo'', "fire", becomes ''kalajo''). It can also happen even if the {{angbr|y}} is at the final position of the syllable and the word, but only if it is moved to the initial position by the addition of the [[affix]] ''-a''. For example, ''baboy'' ("pig") can not become ''baboj'', but ''baboya'' can become ''baboja.''<ref name="Endriga 2010" />

All of the above substitutions are considered allophonic and do not change the meaning of the word.<ref name="Endriga 2010"/>

In rarer instances, the consonant {{angbr|d}} might also be replaced with {{angbr|r}} when it is in between two vowels (e.g. Boholano ''idô'' for standard Cebuano ''irô'', "dog"), but {{angbr|d}} and {{angbr|r}} are not considered allophones,<ref name="Endriga 2010"/> though they may have been in the past.<ref name="ver">{{Cite journal |last=Verstraelen |first=Eugene |year=1961 |title=Some further remarks about the L-feature |url=http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2806/5450 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=72–77|doi=10.13185/2244-1638.2879 }}</ref>