Editing Centennial Challenges (section)

==Completed challenges==

===Green Flight Challenge===
[[Image:Pipistrel Taurus G4 taxiing at 2011 Green Flight Challenge.jpg|thumb|[[Pipistrel Taurus]] G4, the 2011 Green Flight Challenge winning aircraft of Pipistrel USA.com team, taxiing at the event.]]

The Green Flight Challenge sponsored by Google is to build an aircraft which can fly 200 miles in under two hours using the energy equivalent of a gallon of gasoline per passenger. The US$1,650,000 prize was competed for Sept 25 - Oct 1, 2011 at the Charles M. Schulz Sonoma County Airport, Santa Rosa, California. The CAFE Foundation<ref>[http://cafefoundation.org/v2/gfc_main.php CAFE Foundation]</ref> was the Allied Organization which partnered with NASA's Centennial Challenges Program<ref>{{cite web |title=Centennial Challenges |website=[[NASA]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209115246/https://www.nasa.gov/challenges/ |archive-date=2022-12-09 |url-status=live |url=http://www.nasa.gov/challenges}}</ref> to conduct the challenge. On October 1, 2011, CAFE had a competition open house for the public to see the aircraft and meet the competing teams. The Google Green Flight Challenge Exposition<ref>[http://cafefoundation.org/v2/gfc_2011_GFE_main.php Google Green Flight Challenge Exposition hosted by NASA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926115723/http://cafefoundation.org/v2/gfc_2011_GFE_main.php |date=September 26, 2011 }}</ref> was at NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale, California on October 3, 2011. Free admission tickets were available at the Expo website.<ref>[http://cafefoundation.org/v2/gfc_2011_GFE_main.php Expo website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926115723/http://cafefoundation.org/v2/gfc_2011_GFE_main.php |date=September 26, 2011 }}</ref>  The Expo had the competition aircraft on display, presented winner checks and additional displays of green energy technology.

===Strong tether challenge===
This [[Space elevator competitions|competition]] presented the challenge of constructing super-strong tethers, a crucial component of a [[space elevator]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elevator2010.org/site/competitionTether2005.html |title= Elevator 2010 Tether Competition|website=www.elevator2010.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050606232138/http://www.elevator2010.org/site/competitionTether2005.html |archive-date=June 6, 2005}}</ref> The 2005 contest was to award US$50,000 to the team which constructed the strongest tether, with contests in future years requiring that each winner outperform that of the previous year by 50%. No competing tether surpassed the [[commercial off-the-shelf]] baseline and the prize was increased to US$200,000 in 2006.

In 2007 the prize money was raised to US$500,000 USD for this competition.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

The 2011 Strong Tether Centennial Challenge was held at the Space Elevator Conference in Redmond, Washington on August 12, 2011. The Space Elevator Conference, sponsored by Microsoft, The Leeward Space Foundation and The International Space Elevator Consortium has hosted the Tether competition for five years and there has yet to be a winner.

===Power beam challenge===
[[Space elevator competitions|Power Beam competitions]] were held in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009. They were directed at space elevator applications. Teams built mechanical devices (climbers) that could propel themselves up a vertical cable. The power supply for the device was not self-contained but remained on the ground. The technical challenge was to transmit the power to the climber and transform it into mechanical motion, efficiently and reliably.

This was a competition to build a wirelessly-powered ribbon-climbing robot. The contest involves having the robot lift a large payload within a limited timeframe. The first competition in 2005 would have awarded US$50,000, US$20,000, and US$10,000 to the three best-performing teams, meeting the minimum benchmark of 1&nbsp;m/s. However, no team met this standard, with only two teams climbing under beam power. This prize also increased to US$200,000 in 2006, but no team was able to accomplish the full set of requirements. See [[Elevator:2010]] for more information on Power Beam Challenge as well as other challenges related to space elevator technologies.

In 2007 the prize money was raised to US$500,000 USD for this competition.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

In the 2009 competition, the competitors drove their laser-powered devices up a cable one kilometer high, suspended from a helicopter. [[LaserMotive|LaserMotive LLC]] was awarded US$900,000 in the 2009 Power Beaming Challenge.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091107095428/http://live.spaceelevatorgames.org/ Official results, as well as video and photography, are available at]</ref>

=== Moon regolith Oxygen (MoonROx) challenge ===
This head-to-head competition was for a system capable of extracting 2.5 kilograms of oxygen from 100 kilograms of artificial lunar [[regolith]] in 4 hours or less using at most 10&nbsp;kW of power.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsri.org/space_research_Moon_ROx.htm |title= FSRI: Space Research|website=www.fsri.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924103136/http://www.fsri.org/space_research_Moon_ROx.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2005}}</ref>  This US$1 million prize expired in June 2009 without a winner.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

The initial MoonROx challenge was announced in 2005 with the intent to award a US$250,000 prize to the first team to develop the capability to extract 5 kilograms of breathable oxygen from simulated lunar soil in an eight-hour period. The prize expired in June 2008.<ref name=nasa200505>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/may/HQ_05128_Centennial_Challenge.html|title=NASA Announces New Centennial Challenge|date=2005-05-19|access-date=2010-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011025222/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/may/HQ_05128_Centennial_Challenge.html|archive-date=2006-10-11}}</ref>

For the initial announcement of the challenge, the competition was to be administered by the [[Florida Space Research Institute]] (FSRI) in collaboration with NASA.<ref name=nasa200505/>
The next year the [[California Space Education and Workforce Institute]] (CSEWI) was selected to administer the challenge when FSRI was dissolved and [[Space Florida]] was created to take its place.<ref name=nasa20080205>{{Cite web|url=http://ipp.nasa.gov/documents/cc_update_10-2006.pdf|title=Centennial Challenges Update &mdash; October 2006|access-date=2010-09-18|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721051230/http://ipp.nasa.gov/documents/cc_update_10-2006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since extracting oxygen from silicates is difficult, and the oxygen electrochemically bound into the silicates at high temperature, it is likely that a solar-furnace may be part of the solution.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111117002640/http://www.moonrox.csewi.org/ MoonROx Challenge]

=== Astronaut glove challenge ===
[[File:Astronaut glove challenge.2.JPG|200 px|right|thumb|2009 Competition]]
In the 2007 competition, only the pressure-restraining layer part of the glove was required.  But for the 2009 challenge, teams had to provide a complete glove, including the outer, thermal-micrometeoroid-protection layer. This competition rewarded US$200,000 in May 2007 to the team which constructed the best-performing astronaut glove.<ref>[http://www.astronaut-glove.us astronaut-glove.us<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

The first competition took place May 2 and May 3, 2007, at the [[New England Air Museum]] in [[Windsor Locks, Connecticut]]. NASA offered a total of US$200,000 for the team that could design and manufacture the best astronaut glove that exceeded minimum requirements. An additional US$50,000 was offered to the team that best demonstrated Mechanical Counter Pressure gloves
[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/apr/HQ_M07043_Astronaut_Glove_Challenge.html]. The US$200,000 prize was awarded to [[Peter K. Homer]], an engineer from [[Southwest Harbor]], [[Maine]];<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01nasa-t.html | work=The New York Times | title=The Amateur Future of Space Travel | first=Jack | last=Hitt | date=July 1, 2007 | access-date=April 28, 2010}}</ref> the US$50,000 prize went unclaimed and rolled to the next competition.<ref>[http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/070504_astronaut_glove_win.html SPACE.com - Homemade Space Glove Wins NASA Contest<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

The 2009 competition was held on November 18 and 19 at the [[Astronaut Hall of Fame]] in [[Titusville, Florida]]. In the 2009 competition Peter K. Homer of Maine won US$250,000 and Ted Southern of New York won US$100,000, both had competed previously. Another challenge is planned and the date is yet to be announced.<ref>[http://www.astronaut-glove.us/ Astronaut Glove Challenge Website]</ref>

[http://www.nasa.gov/offices/ipp/innovation_incubator/centennial_challenges/astronaut_glove/index.html NASA's page]

=== Vertical and lunar lander challenges ===
{{Main|Lunar Lander Challenge}}
[[Image:Armadillo Aerospace Technicians inspect their rocket.jpg|thumb|Armadillo Aerospace technicians on the launch pad performing a vehicle inspection.]]
Also announced at the XPrize Cup Expo and run by the XPrize Foundation, this prize is for a VTVL (vertical take-off, vertical landing) suborbital rocket that can achieve the altitudes and launch energies that are equivalent to what would be needed for a lunar lander. The Vertical Lander Challenge requires 50 meter minimum altitude, horizontal distance of 100 meters, flight time of 90 seconds, and landing on a smooth surface and after refueling, return to its original location. The more aggressive Lunar Lander Challenge increases that to 180s of flight time and landing on a rocky surface. The VLC has a first prize of $350,000, while the LLC has a first prize in excess of this. For 2006 at the [[Wirefly X PRIZE Cup]], [[Armadillo Aerospace]] was the only team able to compete. Their vehicle "Pixel" completed one leg of the trip on its third try but crashed shortly after takeoff on the return, leaving all prizes unclaimed.

In 2008, [[Armadillo Aerospace]] successfully completed the easier level one VLC prize.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armadilloaerospace.com/n.x/Armadillo/Home/News?news_id%3D362 |title=Lunar Lander Challenge '08 – We win one! |access-date=2008-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031053518/http://www.armadilloaerospace.com/n.x/Armadillo/Home/News?news_id=362 |archive-date=2008-10-31 }}</ref>

In 2009, the level two first prize was won by [[Masten Space Systems]], while Armadillo Aerospace took the level two second prize.<ref>{{cite web|last=and Mike Green|first=Tricia Talbert|title=Masten and Armadillo Claim Lunar Lander Prizes|url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/early_stage_innovation/centennial_challenges/cc_ll_feature_lvl2.html|publisher=NASA|access-date=June 28, 2012}}</ref>

===Regolith excavation challenge===
In this Challenge, teams designed and built robotic machines to excavate simulated lunar soil (regolith).<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/early_stage_innovation/centennial_challenges/regolith/index.html NASA-Regolith Excavation Challenge]</ref> The Challenge was managed by the [[California Space Authority]]<ref>[http://regolith.csewi.org/index.html Regolith Excavation Challenge] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725210412/http://regolith.csewi.org/index.html |date=July 25, 2011 }}</ref> and was competed in 2007, 2008, and 2009, at which time the Challenge was won by a team from [[Worcester Polytechnic Institute]], which won the US$500,000 prize purse.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/offices/ipp/innovation_incubator/centennial_challenges/cc_regolith_feature_first_prize.html College Team Wins NASA Lunar Robot Prize]</ref>

[http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/early_stage_innovation/centennial_challenges/regolith/index.html NASA page]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725210412/http://regolith.csewi.org/index.html Regolith Challenge Excavation]

===Night rover challenge===
The Night Rover Challenge is to build a solar-powered robot which can operate on stored energy for a significant portion of time. The intent is to spur development of extreme environment battery technology for use in space missions. The prize is US$1.5 million.<ref name=nasa20100713>
{{Cite web|title=NASA Announces Three New Centennial Challenges|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/jul/HQ_10-162_New_Centennial_Challenges.html|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=4 August 2010|date=13 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714010848/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/jul/HQ_10-162_New_Centennial_Challenges.html|archive-date=14 July 2010}}</ref> NASA is partnered with nonprofit organization Clean Tech Open for this challenge [http://www.nightrover.org.]. Requirements for proposal submission are [http://go.usa.gov/40P here.]

As of October 2013, the Night Rover Challenge was closed as no competitors registered.

===Unmanned aircraft systems airspace operations challenge===
In October 2012 NASA announced a challenge with the goal of developing some of the key technologies that will make it possible to integrate [[unmanned aerial vehicles]]  into the [[National Airspace System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.suasnews.com/2012/10/nasas-half-million-dollar-uas-airspace-operational-challenge-competition/|title=NASA's half million dollar UAS Airspace Operational Challenge Competition|date=October 17, 2012|first=Gary |last=Mortimer|publisher=sUAS News|access-date=December 10, 2022}}</ref> The challenge's focus was on demonstrating a high level of operational robustness and the ability to "[[self-separation|sense and avoid]]" other air traffic.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/centennial_challenges/uas/index.html| title = NASA Centennial Challenges: Unmanned Aircraft Systems Airspace Operations Challenge {{!}} NASA| date = 28 June 2013}}</ref>

The challenge was to have been divided into two parts: Phase 1 was scheduled to be held in Spring 2014, and Phase 2 would have taken place one year after Phase 1 was successfully completed.  The total prize money available in Phase 1 was US$500,000.  Phase 2 was planned to have US$1 million in prize money.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=69eb13c2-a79e-4147-9297-9a87a08f7199|title= NASA Eyes Centennial Challenge For Unmanned Aircraft}}</ref>

In May 2013, NASA announced that it had selected Development Projects Inc. of Dayton, Ohio to manage the challenge.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/may/HQ_13-117_UAS_challenge.html| title = NASA Partners With Ohio Non-Profit on Unmanned Air Challenge {{!}} NASA| date = 16 April 2015}}</ref>

As of November 2014, NASA has cancelled the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Airspace Operations Challenge (AOC) due to unanticipated technical and operational issues as well as additional costs. NASA Centennial Challenges have historically been high-risk and leveraged activities conducted with minimal government funding. NASA reviewed the intended outcomes of the AOC and determined that the competition was no longer timely or cost-effective to execute as planned. NASA's cancellation of the AOC was not based in any way on technical progress or performance of the registered teams.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/centennial_challenges/uas/index.html#.VJNFTCvF81I| title = NASA Centennial Challenges: Unmanned Aircraft Systems Airspace Operations Challenge {{!}} NASA| date = 28 June 2013}}</ref>

===CO<sub>2</sub> conversion challenge===
The CO<sub>2</sub> conversion challenge is a competition to convert carbon dioxide into sugars to be used as feedstock for biomanufacturing in space and on Mars.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/centennial_challenges/index.html| title = Centennial Challenges {{!}} NASA| date = 3 September 2015}}</ref> The competition began in 2018 to incentivize the public to recreate the process plants do regularly, except with a non-biological system. Five teams were each awarded a $50,000 milestone prize in 2019 for Phase 1 of the competition to design a system that could accomplish the chemical transformation, including teams from [[University of California]], [[Princeton University]], [[Rutgers University]], [[Air Company]], and [[Dioxide Materials]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.co2conversionchallenge.org/#winners/phase-1 | title=NASA {{CO2}} Conversion Challenge }}</ref> Phase 2 of the competition ended in 2021, and three teams split a $750,000 prize purse.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/centennial_challenges/75K-awarded-in-competition-to-convert-carbon-dioxide-into-sugar.html| title = NASA Awards $750,000 in Competition to Convert Carbon Dioxide into Sugar {{!}} NASA| date = 24 August 2021}}</ref>