Editing Cirth (section)

=== ''Angerthas Moria'' ===

According to [[Tolkien's legendarium]], the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] first came to know the runes of the Noldor at the beginning of the [[Second Age]]. The Dwarves "introduced a number of unsystematic changes in value, as well as certain new cirth".<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> They modified the previous system to suit the specific needs of their language, [[Khuzdul]]. The Dwarves spread their revised alphabet to [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Moria]], where it came to be known as ''Angerthas Moria'', and developed both carved and pen-written forms of these runes.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>

Many cirth here represent sounds not occurring in Khuzdul<ref>{{cite thesis|type=BA|last=Amram|first=Tess|date=2015|title=Aglab Khazad: The Secret Language of Tolkien's Dwarves|url=https://scholarship.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/bitstream/handle/10066/15353/Amram_thesis_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|publisher=[[Swarthmore College]]}}</ref> (at least in published words of Khuzdul: of course, our corpus is very limited to judge the necessity or not, of these sounds). Here they are marked with a black star (<sup>★</sup>).

{| class="wikitable"
|- align="center"
!''Certh''!!Translit.!![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]'
!''Certh''!!Translit.!![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!''Certh''!!Translit.!![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]'
!''Certh''!!Translit.!![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 1.svg|20px]]||p||{{IPA|/p/}}<sup>★</sup>
|colspan="3"|
|[[File:Certh 31.svg|20px]]||l||{{IPA|/l/}}
|[[File:Certh 46.svg|20px]]||e||{{IPA|/e/}}
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 2.svg|20px]]||b||{{IPA|/b/}}
|[[File:Certh 17.svg|20px]]||z||{{IPA|/z/}}
|[[File:Certh 32.svg|20px]]||lh||{{IPA|/ɬ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 47.svg|20px]]||ê||{{IPA|/eː/}}
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 3.svg|20px]]||f||{{IPA|/f/}}
|[[File:Certh 18.svg|20px]]||k||{{IPA|/k/}}
|[[File:Certh 33.svg|20px]]||nd||{{IPA|/nd/}}
|[[File:Certh 48.svg|20px]]||a||{{IPA|/a/}}
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 4.svg|20px]]||v||{{IPA|/v/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 19.svg|20px]]||g||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|[[File:Certh 34.svg|20px]]||h{{ref|AMA|[A]}}||{{IPA|/h/}}
|[[File:Certh 49.svg|20px]]||â||{{IPA|/aː/}}
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 5.svg|20px]]||hw||{{IPA|/ʍ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 20.svg|20px]]||kh||{{IPA|/x/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 35.svg|20px]]||''{{okina}}'' {{ref|AMA|[A]}}||{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|[[File:Certh 50.svg|20px]]||o||{{IPA|/o/}}
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 6.svg|20px]]||m||{{IPA|/m/}}
|[[File:Certh 21.svg|20px]]||gh||{{IPA|/ɣ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 36.svg|20px]]||ŋ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 51.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 51a.svg|20px]]||ô||{{IPA|/oː/}}
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 7.svg|20px]]||mb||{{IPA|/mb/}}
|[[File:Certh 22.svg|20px]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
|[[File:Certh 37.svg|20px]]||ng||{{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}
|[[File:Certh 52.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 52a.svg|20px]]||ö||{{IPA|/œ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 8.svg|20px]]||t||{{IPA|/t/}}
|[[File:Certh 23.svg|20px]]||kw||{{IPA|/kʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 38.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 38a.svg|20px]]||nj||{{IPA|/ndʒ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 53.svg|20px]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 9.svg|20px]]||d||{{IPA|/d/}}
|[[File:Certh 24.svg|20px]]||gw||{{IPA|/ɡʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 39.svg|20px]]||i||{{IPA|/i/}}
|[[File:Certh 54.svg|20px]]||s||{{IPA|/s/}}
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 10.svg|20px]]||th||{{IPA|/θ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 25.svg|20px]]||khw||{{IPA|/xʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 40.svg|20px]]||y||{{IPA|/j/}}
|[[File:Certh 55.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 55a.svg|20px]]||{{ref|AMB|[B]}}||{{IPA|/ə/}}
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 11.svg|20px]]||dh||{{IPA|/ð/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 26.svg|20px]]||ghw||{{IPA|/ɣʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 41.svg|20px]]||hy||{{IPA|/j̊}}, {{IPA|ç/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 56.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 56a.svg|20px]]||{{ref|AMB|[B]}}||{{IPA|/ʌ/}}
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 12.svg|20px]]||r||{{IPA|/ʀ}}, {{IPA|ʁ}}, {{IPA|r/}}
|[[File:Certh 27.svg|20px]]||ngw||{{IPA|/ŋɡʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 42.svg|20px]]||u||{{IPA|/u/}}
|colspan="3"|
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 13.svg|20px]]||ch||{{IPA|/tʃ}}, {{IPA|c/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 28.svg|20px]]||nw||{{IPA|/nʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 43.svg|20px]]||û||{{IPA|/uː/}}
|colspan="3"|
|- align="center"
|colspan="3"|
|[[File:Certh 29.svg|20px]]||j||{{IPA|/dʒ}}, {{IPA|ɟ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 44.svg|20px]]||w||{{IPA|/w/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 59.svg|20px]]||+h{{ref|AMC|[C]}}||{{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}
|- align="center"
|[[File:Certh 15.svg|20px]]||sh||{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|[[File:Certh 30.svg|20px]]||zh||{{IPA|/ʒ/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 45.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 45a.svg|20px]]||ü||{{IPA|/y/}}<sup>★</sup>
|[[File:Certh 60.svg|20px]]||&{{ref|AM&|[D]}}||
|}

'''Notes:'''
{|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align="right" | A. || {{note|AMA|}}The Khuzdul language has two [[glottal consonant]]s: {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, the latter being "the [[glottal stop|glottal]] beginning of a word with an initial vowel".<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> Thus, in need of a reversible certh to represent these sounds, [[File:Certh 54.svg|16px]] and [[File:Certh 34.svg|16px]] were switched, giving the former the value {{IPA|/s/}} and using the latter for {{IPA|/h/}}, and its reversed counterpart [[File:Certh 35.svg|16px]] for {{IPA|/ʔ/}}.
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align="right" | B. || {{note|AMB|}}These cirth were a halved form of [[File:Certh 46.svg|16px]], used for vowels like those in the word {{angbr|b<u>u</u>tt<u>e</u>r}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ʌ|t|ər}}. Thus, [[File:Certh 55.svg|16px]] represented a {{IPA|/ə/}} sound in unstressed syllables, while [[File:Certh 56.svg|16px]] represented {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, a somehow similar sound, in stressed syllables. When weak they were reduced to a stroke without a stem ([[File:Certh 55a.svg|16px]], [[File:Certh 56a.svg|16px]]).<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align="right" | C. || {{note|AMC|}}This letter denotes [[Aspirated consonant|aspiration]] in voiceless stops, occurring frequently in Khuzdul as ''kh'' and ''th''.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align="right" | D. || {{note|AM&|}}This certh is a [[scribal abbreviation]] used to represent a [[Conjunction (grammar)#Coordinating conjunctions|conjunction]], and is basically identical to the [[ampersand]] {{angbr|&}} used in [[Latin script]].
|}
[[File:Balin zg2.PNG|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Runes in the upper inscription of [[Balin (Middle-earth)|Balin]]'s tomb use ''Angerthas Moria'', reading left-to-right:<br/>{{center|Balin<br/>Fu[nd]inul<br/>Uzbad[[Moria (Middle-earth)|Kʰazaddûm]]<nowiki/>u}}]]
In ''Angerthas Moria'' the cirth [[File:Certh 14.svg|16px]] {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and [[File:Certh 16.svg|16px]] {{IPA|/ʒ/}} were dropped. Thus [[File:Certh 29.svg|16px]] and [[File:Certh 30.svg|16px]] were adopted for {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, although they were used for {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/r̥/}} in Elvish languages. Subsequently, this script used the certh [[File:Certh 12.svg|16px]] for {{IPA|/ʀ/ (or /ʁ/)}}, which had the sound {{IPA|/n/}} in the Elvish systems. Therefore, the certh [[File:Certh 22.svg|16px]] (which was previously used for the sound {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, useless in Khuzdul) was adopted for the sound {{IPA|/n/}}. A totally new introduction was the certh [[File:Certh 53.svg|16px]], used as an alternative, simplified and, maybe, weaker form of [[File:Certh 22.svg|16px]]. Because of the visual relation of these two cirth, the certh [[File:Certh 17.svg|16px]] was given the sound {{IPA|/z/}} to relate better with [[File:Certh 54.svg|16px]] that, in this script, had the sound {{IPA|/s/}}.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>