Editing City (section)

=== Public space ===
[[File:Trafalgar Square, London 2 - Jun 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Trafalgar Square]], a public meeting place in central [[London]] ]]
Cities typically have [[public space]]s where anyone can go. These include [[privately owned public space|privately owned spaces open to the public]] as well as forms of public land such as [[Public domain (land)|public domain]] and the [[common land|commons]]. [[Western philosophy]] since the time of the Greek [[agora]] has considered physical public space as the substrate of the symbolic [[public sphere]].{{sfn | Latham | McCormack | McNamara | McNeill | 2009 | pp=177–179}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Don |year=1995 |title=The End of Public Space?People's Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/33133088/the-end-of-public-space-mitchell.pdf |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=108–133 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01797.xa |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Public art]] adorns (or disfigures) public spaces. [[Park]]s and other [[Incorporation of nature within a city|natural sites within cities]] provide residents with relief from the hardness and regularity of typical [[built environment]]s. [[Urban green spaces]] are another component of public space that provides the benefit of mitigating the urban heat island effect, especially in cities that are in warmer climates. These spaces prevent carbon imbalances, extreme habitat losses, electricity and water consumption, and human health risks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Xiaoma |last2=Zhou |first2=Weiqi |date=2019-05-01 |title=Optimizing urban greenspace spatial pattern to mitigate urban heat island effects: Extending understanding from local to the city scale |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1618866718306411 |journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening |volume=41 |pages=255–263 |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2019.04.008 |bibcode=2019UFUG...41..255L |s2cid=149962822 |issn=1618-8667|url-access=subscription }}</ref>