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Classical electromagnetism
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== Models == Branches of classical electromagnetism such as optics, electrical and electronic engineering consist of a collection of relevant [[mathematical model]]s of different degrees of simplification and idealization to enhance the understanding of specific electrodynamics phenomena.<ref>[[Rudolf Peierls|Peierls]], Rudolf. Model-making in physics, Contemporary Physics, Volume 21 (1), January 1980, 3-17.</ref> An electrodynamics phenomenon is determined by the particular fields, specific densities of electric charges and currents, and the particular transmission medium. Since there are infinitely many of them, in modeling there is a need for some typical, representative :(a) electrical charges and currents, e.g. moving pointlike charges and electric and magnetic dipoles, electric currents in a conductor etc.; :(b) electromagnetic fields, e.g. voltages, the Liénard–Wiechert potentials, the monochromatic plane waves, optical rays, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays etc.; :(c) transmission media, e.g. electronic components, antennas, electromagnetic waveguides, flat mirrors, mirrors with curved surfaces convex lenses, concave lenses; resistors, inductors, capacitors, switches; wires, electric and optical cables, transmission lines, integrated circuits etc.; all of which have only few variable characteristics.
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