Editing Cluj-Napoca (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Cluj-Napoca|Timeline of Cluj-Napoca}}

===Roman Empire===
[[File:Part of Tabula Peutingeriana centered around present day Transylvania.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Napoca on the [[Roman Dacia]] fragment of the 1st–4th century AD [[Tabula Peutingeriana]] (upper centre){{sfn|Bunbury|1879|p=516}}]]
The [[Roman Empire]] conquered [[Dacia]] in AD 101 and 106, during the rule of [[Trajan]], and the Roman settlement Napoca, established about 106, is first recorded on a [[Milliarium of Aiton|milestone]] discovered in 1758 in the vicinity of the city.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-10">Lazarovici ''et al.'' 1997, pp. 202–03 (6.2 Cluj in the Old and Ancient Epochs)</ref> Trajan's successor [[Hadrian]] granted Napoca the status of ''[[municipium]]'' as ''municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napocenses''. Later, in the second century AD,<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 17 (2.7 Napoca romană)</ref> the city gained the status of a ''[[colonia (Roman)|colonia]]'' as ''Colonia Aurelia Napoca''. Napoca became a provincial capital of [[Dacia Porolissensis]] and thus the seat of a [[promagistrate|procurator]]. The ''colonia'' was evacuated in 274 by the Romans.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-10"/> There are no references to urban settlement on the site for the better part of a millennium thereafter.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.89</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{Quote box
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| quote = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]] 1000–1526<br />{{flagicon image|Coa Hungary Country History John I of Hungary (Szapolyai) (1526-1540).svg}} [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]] 1526–1570<br />{{flagicon image|Arms of Transylvania in Cod. icon. 391.svg}} [[Principality of Transylvania (disambiguation)|Principality of Transylvania]] 1570–1804<br />{{flag|Austrian Empire}} 1804–1867<br />{{flagicon|Hungary|1896}} [[Austria-Hungary]] 1867–1918 <small>(''de jure'' Hungary [[Treaty of Trianon|until 1920]])</small><br />{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} 1920–1940 <small>(''de facto'' [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|from 1918]] to 1940)</small><br />{{flag icon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]] 1940–1945<br />{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} 1945–1947<br />{{flag|Romanian People's Republic}} 1947–1965<br />{{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania}} 1965–1989<br />{{flag|Romania}} 1989–present}}
[[File:Cluj by Joris Hoefnagel, 1617 (v2).jpg|thumb|left|''"Claudiopolis, Coloswar vulgo Clausenburg, Transilvaniæ civitas primaria"''. Gravure{{ref label|a|a|none}} of Cluj by Georg Houfnagel (1617)]]
At the beginning of the [[Middle Ages]], two groups of buildings existed on the current site of the city: the wooden fortress at [[Mănăștur|Cluj-Mănăștur]] (''Kolozsmonostor'') and the civilian settlement developed around the current ''Piața Muzeului'' (Museum Place) in the city centre.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/><ref>Alicu 2003, p.9</ref> Although the precise date of the conquest of Transylvania by the [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] is not known, the earliest Hungarian artifacts found in the region are dated to the first half of the tenth century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |title=Românii în opera Notarului Anonim |publisher=Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Fundația Culturală Română |year=2001 |isbn=973-577-249-3 |location=Cluj-Napoca}}</ref> In any case, after that time, the city became part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] made the city the seat of the [[Counties of Hungary (1000–1920)#Royal counties (late tenth century – late 13th century)|castle county]] of Kolozs, and King Saint [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]] founded the abbey of Cluj-Mănăștur (''Kolozsmonostor''), destroyed during the [[Tatars|Tatar]] invasions in 1241 and 1285.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> As for the civilian colony, a castle and a village were built to the northwest of the ancient Napoca no later than the late 12th century.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-6"/> This new village was settled by large groups of [[Transylvanian Saxons]], encouraged during the reign of Crown Prince [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen]], Duke of Transylvania.<ref name="Clujeanet-2"/> The first reliable mention of the settlement dates from 1275, in a document of King [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]], when the village (''Villa Kulusvar'') was granted to the Bishop of Transylvania.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-1997">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 204 (6.3 Medieval Cluj)</ref> On 19 August 1316, during the rule of the new king, [[Charles I of Hungary]], Cluj was granted the status of a city ([[Latin language|Latin]]: ''civitas''), as a reward for the Saxons' contribution to the defeat of the rebellious Transylvanian [[voivode]], [[Ladislaus Kán]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-1997"/>

The couple buried together and known as the [[Lovers of Cluj-Napoca]] are believed to have lived between 1450 and 1550.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lugli |first=Federico |last2=Di Rocco |first2=Giulia |last3=Vazzana |first3=Antonino |last4=Genovese |first4=Filippo |last5=Pinetti |first5=Diego |last6=Cilli |first6=Elisabetta |last7=Carile |first7=Maria Cristina |last8=Silvestrini |first8=Sara |last9=Gabanini |first9=Gaia |last10=Arrighi |first10=Simona |last11=Buti |first11=Laura |date=2019-09-11 |title=Enamel peptides reveal the sex of the Late Antique 'Lovers of Modena' |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=13130 |bibcode=2019NatSR...913130L |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-49562-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6739468 |pmid=31511583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Buried Couple Found Holding Hands - Archaeology Magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/news/819-130424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404045516/https://www.archaeology.org/news/819-130424 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=2019-11-28 |website=www.archaeology.org}}</ref>

Many craft guilds were established in the second half of the 13th century, and a patrician stratum based in commerce and craft production displaced the older landed elite in the town's leadership.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, pp.89–90</ref> Through the privilege granted by [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Luxembourg]] in 1405, the city opted out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtained the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-2">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.38 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval)</ref> In 1488, King [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]] (born in Kolozsvár in 1443) ordered that the centumvirate—the city council, consisting of one hundred men—be half composed from the ''homines bone conditiones'' (the wealthy people), with craftsmen supplying the other half; together they would elect the chief judge and the jury.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-2"/> Meanwhile, an agreement was reached providing that half of the representatives on this city council were to be drawn from the Hungarian, half from the Saxon population, and that judicial offices were to be held on a rotating basis.<ref name="Brubaker et al-2">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp. 90–1</ref> In 1541, Kolozsvár became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (that transformed to Principality of Transylvania in 1570) after the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] occupied the central part of the Kingdom of Hungary; a period of economic and cultural prosperity followed.<ref name="Brubaker et al-2"/> Although [[Alba Iulia]] (''Gyulafehérvár'') served as a political capital for the princes of Transylvania, [[Cluj]] (''Kolozsvár'') enjoyed the support of the princes to a greater extent, thus establishing connections with the most important centres of Eastern Europe at that time, along with [[Košice]] (''Kassa''), [[Kraków]], Prague and Vienna.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-2"/>

===16th–18th centuries===

[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg083.jpg|right|Clausenburg in the Grand Duchy of Transylvania maps, 1769–1773. Josephinische Landesaufnahme|300px|thumb]]

In terms of religion, [[Protestant Reformation|Protestant]] ideas first appeared in the middle of the 16th century. During [[Gáspár Heltai]]'s service as preacher, [[Lutheranism]] grew in importance, as did the Swiss doctrine of [[Calvinism]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 205 (6.3 Medieval Cluj)</ref> By 1571, the [[Turda]] (''Torda'') [[Transylvanian Diet|Diet]] had adopted a more radical religion, [[Ferenc Dávid]]'s [[Unitarianism]], characterised by the free interpretation of the Bible and denial of the dogma of the [[Trinity]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/> [[Stephen Báthory of Poland|Stephen Báthory]] founded a Catholic [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] academy in the city in order to promote an anti-Reform movement; however, it did not have much success.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/> For a year, in 1600–1601, Cluj became part of the [[personal union]] of [[Michael the Brave]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martâniuc |first=Cristina |title=Probleme actuale ale calității de subiect de drept internațional public contemporan |url=http://www.cnaa.acad.md/files/theses/2007/5770/cristina_martiniuc_thesis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108120718/http://www.cnaa.acad.md/files/theses/2007/5770/cristina_martiniuc_thesis.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2007 |access-date=2008-03-17 |publisher=CNAA (Republic of Moldova) |language=ro |quote=În istoria poporului român, o uniune personală a fost creată în anul 1600 prin unirea politică a celor trei țări Românești – Transilvania, Moldova și Țara Românească – sub un singur domnitor: Mihai Vodă Viteazul (In the history of the Romanian people, a personal union was created in 1600 with the political union of the three Romanian countries – Transylvania, Moldova and Wallachia – under a single ruler: Michael the Brave)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ciorănescu |first=George |url=http://www.osa.ceu.hu/files/holdings/300/8/3/pdf/52-4-102.pdf |title=Michael the Brave – Evaluations and Revaluations of the Walachian Prince |date=1 September 1976 |publisher=Radio Free Europe Research: RAD Background Report/191 |access-date=2008-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202135/http://www.osa.ceu.hu/files/holdings/300/8/3/pdf/52-4-102.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Under the [[Treaty of Carlowitz]] in 1699, it became part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Treaty of Carlowitz |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020364/Treaty-of-Carlowitz |access-date=2008-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619174458/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020364/Treaty-of-Carlowitz |archive-date=19 June 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 17th century, Cluj suffered from great calamities, suffering from epidemics of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and devastating fires.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/> The end of this century brought the end of Turkish sovereignty, but found the city bereft of much of its wealth, municipal freedom, cultural centrality, political significance and even population.<ref name="Brubaker et al">Brubaker et al. 2006, p.91</ref> It gradually regained its important position within Transylvania as the headquarters of the Gubernium and the Diets between 1719 and 1732, and again from 1790 until the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|revolution of 1848]], when the Gubernium moved to Nagyszeben ([[Sibiu|Hermannstadt]]), present-day Sibiu).<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.42,44,68 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval; 4.1 Centru al mișcării naționale)</ref> In 1791, a group of [[Romanians|Romanian]] intellectuals drew up a petition, known as ''[[Supplex Libellus Valachorum]]'', which was sent to the Emperor in Vienna. The petition demanded the equality of the Romanian nation in Transylvania in respect to the other nations (Saxon, Szekler and Hungarian) governed by the ''[[Unio Trium Nationum]]'', but it was rejected by the Diet of Cluj.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/>

===19th century===
Beginning in 1830, the city became the centre of the Hungarian national movement within the principality.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-8">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.206 (6.4 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref> This erupted with the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]. The Austrian commander [[Karl von Urban]] took control of the city on 18 November 1848, following a battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=von Wurzbach |first=Constantin |title=Urban, Karl Freiherr. In: [[Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich]] (Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire) |publisher=Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei |year=1884 |volume=49 |location=Vienna |pages=118 |language=de}}</ref> Following this, the Hungarian army headed by the [[Polish people|Polish]] general [[Józef Bem]], launched an offensive into Transylvania, recapturing Klausenburg by Christmas 1848.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bem's Campaign in Transylvania; Revolutionary Consolidation and Its Contradictions |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/370.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110194735/http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/370.html |archive-date=10 January 2009 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=MEK (Hungarian Electronic Library)}}</ref>

After the 1848 revolution, an [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutist]] regime was established, followed by a liberal regime that came to power in 1860. In this latter period, the government granted equal rights to the ethnic Romanians, but only briefly. In 1865, the Diet in Cluj abolished the laws voted in Sibiu (Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt), and proclaimed the 1848 Law concerning the Union of Transylvania with Hungary.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-8" /> [[Franz Joseph University|A modern university]] was founded in 1872, with the intention of promoting the integration of Transylvania into Hungary.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.92</ref> Before 1918, the city's only Romanian-language schools were two church-run elementary schools, and the first printed Romanian periodical did not appear until 1903.<ref name="Brubaker et al" />

After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], Klausenburg and all of Transylvania were again integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary. During this time, Klausenburg was among the largest and most important cities of the kingdom and was the seat of [[Kolozs]] County. Ethnic Romanians in Transylvania suffered oppression and persecution.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-7">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.74–5 (6.4 Centru al mișcării naționale)</ref> Their grievances found expression in the [[Transylvanian Memorandum]], a petition sent in 1892 by the political leaders of Transylvania's Romanians to the Austro-Hungarian [[Kaiserlich und königlich|Emperor-King]] [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]]. It asked for equal rights with the Hungarians and demanded an end to persecutions and attempts at [[Magyarisation]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-7"/> The Emperor forwarded the memorandum to Budapest—the Hungarian capital. The authors, among them [[Ioan Rațiu]] and Iuliu Coroianu, were arrested, tried and sentenced to prison for "high treason" in Kolozsvár/Cluj in May 1894.<ref name="EDRC">{{Cite web |title=Relația dintre elite și popor în perioada memorandistă |url=http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/transilvania/198-254.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202136/http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/transilvania/198-254.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-08 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală |language=ro |location=Cluj}}</ref> During the trial, approximately 20,000 people who had come to Cluj demonstrated on the streets of the city in support of the defendants.<ref name="EDRC"/> A year later, the King gave them pardon upon the advice of his Hungarian prime minister, [[Dezső Bánffy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ambrus Miskolczy |year=2001 |title=A modern román nemzet a "régi" Magyarországon |url=http://adatbank.transindex.ro/html/alcim_pdf2813.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720155223/http://adatbank.transindex.ro/html/alcim_pdf2813.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2010-07-29 |publisher=Rubicon |language=hu}}</ref> In 1897, the Hungarian government decided that only Hungarian place names should be used and prohibited the use of the German or Romanian versions of the city's name on official government documents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Georges Castellan |title=A history of the Romanians |publisher=Boulder: East European Monographs |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-88033-154-8 |page=148}}</ref>
[[File:Neolog synagogue Cluj.jpg|thumb|[[Cluj-Napoca Neolog Synagogue|Neolog Synagogue]] and Jewish school at the beginning of the 20th century]]
[[File:Tribunalul și Curtea de Apel.jpg|thumb|The [[Palace of Justice, Cluj-Napoca|Palace of Justice]]]]

===20th century===
[[File:1915 Kolozsvar 30filler paire Transylvania.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Pair of [[Postage stamps and postal history of Hungary|Hungarian postage stamps]] cancelled at Kolozsvár in 1915]]
[[File:Piața unirii Cluj Napoca.jpg|thumb|The New York Palace, nowadays the Continental Hotel]]
[[File:Cluj la 1930, Vedere Aeriana.jpg|thumb|Central Cluj in 1930]]
[[File:Casa Cluj.jpg|thumb|King Ferdinand Street]]
[[File:Kolozsvár.jpg|thumb|City plan of Kolozsvár, 1913]]
In the autumn of 1918, as World War I drew to a close, Cluj became a centre of revolutionary activity, headed by [[Amos Frâncu]]. On 28 October 1918, Frâncu made an appeal for the organisation of the "union of all Romanians".<ref name="Lazarovici et al-4">Lazarovici ''et al.'' 1997, p. 207 (6.4 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref> Thirty-nine delegates were elected from Cluj to attend the proclamation of the [[Union of Transylvania with Romania|union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania]] in the [[Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia|Great National Assembly]] of [[Alba Iulia]] on 1 December 1918;<ref name="Lazarovici et al-4"/> the transfer of sovereignty was formalised by the [[Treaty of Trianon]] in June 1920.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.68</ref> The [[Interwar period|interwar years]] saw the new authorities embark on a "Romanianisation" campaign: a [[Capitoline Wolf Statue, Cluj-Napoca|Capitoline Wolf statue]] donated by Rome was set up in 1921; in 1932 a plaque written by historian [[Nicolae Iorga]] was placed on [[Matthias Corvinus]]'s statue, emphasising his Romanian paternal ancestry; and construction of an imposing [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] cathedral began, in a city where only about a tenth of the inhabitants belonged to the Orthodox state church.<ref name="Brubaker et al-3">Brubaker et al. 2006, pp. 100–1</ref> This endeavour had only mixed results: by 1939, Hungarians still dominated local economic and (to a certain extent) cultural life: for instance, Cluj had five Hungarian daily newspapers and just one in Romanian.<ref name="Brubaker et al-3"/>

In 1940, Cluj, along with the rest of [[Northern Transylvania]], became part of [[Miklós Horthy]]'s Hungary through the [[Second Vienna Award]] arbitrated by [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hupchick |first=Dennis P. |url=https://archive.org/details/conflictchaosine00hupc/page/91 |title=Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1995 |isbn=0-312-12116-4 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/conflictchaosine00hupc/page/91 91] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sulzberger |first=C.L. |date=12 July 1940 |title=Hungarians' Army Marches into Cluj; Receives a Frenzied Welcome from Magyars in Former Rumanian Territory, but Atmosphere is Tense; Officers of Occupying Troops Charge that 12 Were Slain by Retreating Force |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/09/12/archives/hungarians-army-marches-into-cluj-receives-a-frenzied-welcome-from.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133925/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/09/12/archives/hungarians-army-marches-into-cluj-receives-a-frenzied-welcome-from.html |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=2008-03-15 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> After the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944 and installed a puppet government under [[Döme Sztójay]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter Kenez |url=http://assets.cambridge.org/052185/766X/excerpt/052185766X_excerpt.htm |title=Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets – the establishment of the Communist regime in Hungary, 1944–1948 |date=May 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-85766-X |access-date=2008-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821073742/http://assets.cambridge.org/052185/766X/excerpt/052185766X_excerpt.htm |archive-date=21 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard J. |url=https://archive.org/details/lyingabouthitler00evan |title=Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial |publisher=Basic Books |year=2001 |isbn=0-465-02153-0 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/lyingabouthitler00evan/page/95 95] |url-access=registration}}</ref> they forced large-scale [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] measures in the city. The headquarters of the local [[Gestapo]] were located in the New York Hotel. That May, the authorities began the relocation of the Jews to the [[Kolozsvár Ghetto|Iris ghetto]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp. 140–41 (5.2 Dictatul de la Viena – 30 August 1940)</ref> Liquidation of the 16,148 captured Jews occurred through six deportations to [[Auschwitz]] in May–June 1944.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/> Despite facing severe sanctions from the Hungarian administration, some Jews escaped across the border to Romania, with the assistance of intellectuals such as [[Emil Hațieganu]], [[Raoul Șorban]], Aurel Socol and [[Dezső Miskolczy]], as well as various peasants from Mănăștur.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/>

On 11 October 1944 the city was captured by [[Romanian Army|Romanian]] and [[Red Army|Soviet]] troops.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-11"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 1944 |title=Russians Smash on; Memel Reported Cut Off as New Drive Reaches German Frontier; Szeged, Cluj Seized; Soviet Tanks Cross Tisza, Menacing Budapest; Berlin Admits Russians Smash on Near East Prussia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/10/12/archives/russians-smash-on-memel-reported-cut-off-as-new-drive-reaches.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703081245/https://www.nytimes.com/1944/10/12/archives/russians-smash-on-memel-reported-cut-off-as-new-drive-reaches.html |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=2008-03-15 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> It was formally restored to the [[Kingdom of Romania]] by the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]] in 1947. On 24 January 6 March and 10 May 1946, the Romanian students, who had come back to Cluj after the restoration of northern Transylvania, rose against the claims of autonomy made by nostalgic Hungarians and the new way of life imposed by the Soviets, resulting in clashes and street fights.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 213 (6.5 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref>

The [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] produced a powerful echo within the city; there was a real possibility that demonstrations by students sympathising with their peers across the border could escalate into an uprising.<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 153 (5.3 Perioada totalitarismului)</ref><ref>Johanna Granville, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/13734484/Romanian-Students-Reactions-to-the-Hungarian-Revolution-of-1956 "If Hope is Sin, Then We Are All Guilty: Romanian Students' Reactions to the Hungarian Revolution and Soviet Intervention, 1956–1958] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918132850/http://www.scribd.com/doc/13734484/Romanian-Students-Reactions-to-the-Hungarian-Revolution-of-1956 |date=18 September 2012}}", ''Carl Beck Paper'', no. 1905 (April 2008): 1–78.</ref> The protests provided the Romanian authorities with a pretext to speed up the process of "unification" of the local Babeș (Romanian) and Bolyai (Hungarian) universities,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ludanyi |first=Andrew |date=June 2006 |title=The Impact of 1956 on the Hungarians of Transylvania |journal=Hungarian Studies |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=93 |doi=10.1556/HStud.20.2006.1.9}}</ref> allegedly contemplated before the 1956 events.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kálmán |first=Aniszi |title=A Bolyai Tudományegyetem utolsó esztendeje: Beszélgetés dr. Sebestyén Kálmánnal |date=March 1999 |publisher=Hitel, XII, No. 3 |page=83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=A romániai magyar fõiskolai oktatás: Múlt, jelen, jövõ |publisher=Jelenlét Alkotó Társaság |year=1990 |location=Cluj/Kolozsvár |page=21}}</ref> Hungarians remained the majority of the city's population until the 1960s. Then Romanians began to outnumber Hungarians,<ref name="Varga">{{Cite web |last=Varga |first=E. Árpád |title=Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája (1850–1992) |trans-title=Ethnic and denominational statistics of Transylvania (1850–1992) |url=http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/?pg=3&action=etnik&id=5290 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128000722/http://varga.adatbank.transindex.ro/?pg=3&action=etnik&id=5290 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=2008-03-16 |language=hu}}</ref> due to the population increase as a result of the government's forced industrialisation of the city and new jobs.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-3">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp. 154,159 (5.3 Perioada totalitarismului)</ref> During the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist period]], the city recorded a high industrial development, as well as enforced construction expansion.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-3" /> On 16 October 1974, when the city celebrated 1850 years since its first mention as Napoca, the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist government]] changed the name of the city by adding "Napoca" to it.<ref name="National Institute of Statistics"/>

===1989 revolution and after===
During the [[Romanian Revolution]] of 1989, Cluj-Napoca was one of the scenes of the rebellion: 26 were killed and approximately 170 injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 1996 |title=O mură în gura comisiei "Evenimentele din decembrie" |url=http://www.ceausescu.org/ceausescu_texts/revolution/catavencu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512020046/http://www.ceausescu.org/ceausescu_texts/revolution/catavencu.htm |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=2008-03-21 |publisher=[[Academia Cațavencu]] |language=ro}}</ref> After the end of totalitarian rule, the nationalist politician [[Gheorghe Funar]] became mayor and governed for the next 12&nbsp;years. His tenure was marked by strong Romanian nationalism and acts of [[ethnic]] provocation against the Hungarian-speaking minority. This deterred foreign investment;<ref name="Financial Times-2008"/> however, in [[Politics of Cluj-Napoca|June 2004]], Gheorghe Funar was voted out of office, and the city entered a period of rapid economic growth.<ref name="Financial Times-2008"/> From 2004 to 2009, the mayor was [[Emil Boc]], concurrently president of the [[Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)|Democratic Liberal Party]]. He went on to be elected as [[Prime Minister of Romania|prime minister]], returning as mayor in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2008 |title=Guvernul Boc a fost învestit de Parlament |url=http://www.cotidianul.ro/guvernul_boc_a_fost_investit_de_parlament-68423.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111041522/http://www.cotidianul.ro/guvernul_boc_a_fost_investit_de_parlament-68423.html |archive-date=11 January 2009 |access-date=2009-07-22 |work=Cotidianul |language=ro}}</ref><ref name="Bianca Preda-2012">{{Cite news |last=Bianca Preda |date=22 June 2012 |title=Emil Boc a depus jurământul de primar |url=http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/Emil_Boc_a_depus_juramantul_de_primar_0_723527938.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626054139/http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/cluj-napoca/Emil_Boc_a_depus_juramantul_de_primar_0_723527938.html |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=2012-06-22 |work=Adevărul |language=ro}}</ref>