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Colubridae
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==Fossil record== The oldest colubrid fossils are indeterminate vertebrae from [[Thailand]] and specimens of the genus ''[[Nebraskophis]]'' from the U.S. state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], both from the [[Eocene|Late Eocene]]. The presence of derived colubrids in North America so early on, despite their presumed Old World origins, suggests that they originated even earlier.<ref name=":0" /> The Pliocene ([[Blancan]]) fossil record in the [[Ringold Formation]] of Adams County, Washington has yielded fossils from a number of colubrids including ''[[Elaphe pliocenica]]'', ''[[Elaphe vulpina]]'', ''[[Lampropeltis getulus]]'', ''[[Pituophis catenifer]]'', a ''[[Thamnophis]]'' species, and the extinct genus ''[[Tauntonophis]]''.<ref name="Snakes2003">{{cite journal |last1=Parmley |first1=D. |last2=Walker |first2=D. |year=2003 |title=Snakes of the Pliocene Taunton local fauna of Adams County, Washington with the description of a new colubrid |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=235β244 |doi=10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0235:SOTPTL]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86000331}}</ref>
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