Editing Compulsory sterilization (section)

==== Poverty ====
[[Bangladesh]] has a long-running government-operated civilian sterilization program as a part of its population control policy, which targets mainly poor women and men. The government offers 2,000 [[Bangladeshi taka|Bangladeshi Taka]] (US$18) for women who are persuaded to undergo [[tubal ligation]] and for men who are persuaded to undergo [[vasectomy]]. Women are also offered a [[sari]] and men are offered a [[kurta]] to wear for undergoing sterilization. The referrer, who persuades the woman or man to undergo sterilization gets 300 Bangladeshi Taka (US$2.70).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://uttarkhanup.dhaka.gov.bd/site/field_office/3354b838-2016-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766|title=পরিবার পরিকল্পনা {{!}} উত্তরখান ইউনিয়ন {{!}} উত্তরখান ইউনিয়ন|website=uttarkhanup.dhaka.gov.bd|language=en|access-date=2017-11-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185603/http://uttarkhanup.dhaka.gov.bd/site/field_office/3354b838-2016-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766|archive-date=2017-11-12}}</ref>

In 1965, the targeted number of sterilizations per month was 600–1,000 in contrast to the insertion of 25,000 [[IUDs]], which was increased in 1978 to about 50,000 sterilizations per month on average.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=AR|first1=Khan|last2=I|first2=Swenson|date=1978|title=Acceptability of male sterilization in Bangladesh: its problems and perspectives|url=https://www.popline.org/node/444385|journal=Bangladesh Development Studies|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113002952/https://www.popline.org/node/444385|archive-date=2017-11-13|access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> A 50% rise in the amount paid to men coincided with a doubling of the number of vasectomies between 1980 and 1981.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=L|first1=Liskin|last2=JM|first2=Pile|last3=WF|first3=Quillan|date=1983|title=Vasectomy—safe and simple|url=https://www.popline.org/node/402465|journal=Population Reports. Series D: Sterilization Male|language=en|issue=4|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185640/https://www.popline.org/node/402465|archive-date=2017-11-12|access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref>

One study conducted in 1977, when incentives were only equivalent to US$1.10 (at that time), indicated that between 40% and 60% of the men chose vasectomy because of the payment, who otherwise did not have any serious urge to get sterilized.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Atiqur Rahman|last2=Swenson|first2=Ingrid E.|last3=Rahman|first3=Azizur|date=1979-01-01|title=A Follow-up of Vasectomy Clients in Rural Bangladesh|journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=11–14|doi=10.1002/j.1879-3479.1979.tb00108.x|issn=1879-3479|pmid=39831|s2cid=22375165}}</ref>

The "Bangladesh Association for Voluntary Sterilization", alone performed 67,000 tubal ligations and vasectomies in its 25 clinics in 1982. The rate of sterilization increased 25 percent each year.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/01/28/bangladeshs-midwives-promote-birth-control/4fb06202-6ddc-4357-b0fa-7e5d7a4cebfb/|title=Bangladesh's Midwives Promote Birth Control|last=Claiborne|first=William|date=1983-01-28|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2017-11-12|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185718/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/01/28/bangladeshs-midwives-promote-birth-control/4fb06202-6ddc-4357-b0fa-7e5d7a4cebfb/|archive-date=2017-11-12}}</ref>

On 16 December 1982, Bangladesh's military ruler [[Lieutenant general (Bangladesh)|Lieutenant General]] [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] launched a two-year mass sterilization program for Bangladeshi women and men. About 3,000 women and men were planned to be sterilized on 16 December 1982 (the opening day). Ershad's government trained 1,200 doctors and 25,000 field workers who must conduct two tubal ligations and two vasectomies each month to earn their salaries. The government wanted to persuade 1.4 million people, both women and men to undergo sterilization within two years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/14/The-Bangladesh-government-plans-a-mass-voluntary-sterilization-of/3265408690000/|title=The Bangladesh government plans a mass voluntary sterilization of...|work=UPI|access-date=2017-11-11|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113002940/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/14/The-Bangladesh-government-plans-a-mass-voluntary-sterilization-of/3265408690000/|archive-date=2017-11-13}}</ref> One population control expert called it 'the largest sterilization program in the world'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/15/Impoverished-Bangladesh-plans-sterilization-program/6350408776400/|title=Impoverished Bangladesh plans sterilization program|work=UPI|access-date=2017-11-11|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185727/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/15/Impoverished-Bangladesh-plans-sterilization-program/6350408776400/|archive-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> By January 1983, 40,000 government field workers were employed in Bangladesh's 65,000 villages to persuade women and men to undergo sterilization and to promote usage of birth-control across the country.<ref name=":2" />

Food subsidies under the group feeding program (VGF) were given to only those women with certificates showing that they had undergone tubal ligation.<ref>Miles and Shiva 1993</ref>

There are reports that often when a woman had to undergo a [[gastrointestinal surgery]], doctors took this opportunity to sterilize her without her knowledge.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Healthcare-in-Bangladesh:-only-sterilization-and-vasectomies-are-free-21608.html|title=BANGLADESH Healthcare in Bangladesh: only sterilization and vasectomies are free|last=AsiaNews.it|website=AsiaNews|access-date=2017-11-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185811/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Healthcare-in-Bangladesh:-only-sterilization-and-vasectomies-are-free-21608.html|archive-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> According to Bangladesh governmental website "National Emergency Service", the 2000 Bangladeshi Taka (US$24) and the sari/lungi given to the persons undergoing sterilizations are their "'''compensations'''". Where Bangladesh government also assures the poor people that it will cover all medical expenses if complications arise after the sterilization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhd.gov.bd/content/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE|title=স্থায়ী জন্মনিয়ন্ত্রণ পদ্ধতির সেবা|website=www.nhd.gov.bd|language=en|access-date=2017-11-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104124213/https://www.nhd.gov.bd/content/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE|archive-date=2018-01-04}}</ref>

For the women who are persuaded to have an IUD inserted into their [[uterus]], the government also offers 150 Bangladeshi Taka (US$1.80) after the procedure and 80+80+80=240 Bangladeshi Taka (0.96+0.96+0.96=2.88 USD) in three followups, where the referrer gets 50 Bangladeshi Taka (US$0.60). For the women who are persuaded to have an [[etonogestrel birth control implant]] placed under the skin in their upper arm, the government offers 150 Bangladeshi Taka (US$1.80) after the procedure and 70+70+70=210 Bangladeshi Taka (0.84+0.84+0.84=2.52 USD) in three followups, where the referrer gets 60 Bangladeshi Taka (US$0.72).<ref name=":4" />
===== Complications =====
In the 1977 study, a one-year follow-up of 585 men sterilized at vasectomy camps in Shibpur and Shalna in rural Bangladesh showed that almost half of the men were dissatisfied with their vasectomies.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

58% of the men said their ability to work had decreased in the last year. 2–7% of the men said their sexual performance decreases. 30.6% of the Shibpur and 18.9% of the Shalna men experienced severe pain during the vasectomy. The men also said they had not received all of the incentives they had been promised.<ref name=":3" />

According to another study on 5042 women and 264 men who underwent sterilization, complications such as painful urination, shaking chills, fever for at least two days, frequent urination, bleeding from the incision, sore with pus, stitches or skin breaking open, weakness and [[dizziness]] arose after the sterilization.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

The person's sex, the sponsor and workload in the sterilization center, and the dose of [[sedative]]s administered to women were significantly associated with specific postoperative complaints. Five women died during the study, resulting in a death-to-case rate of 9.9/10,000 tubectomies (tubal ligations); four deaths were due to [[respiratory arrest]] caused by overuse of sedatives. The death-to-case rate of 9.9/10,000 tubectomies (tubal ligation) in this study is similar to the 10.0 deaths/10,000 cases estimated on the basis of a 1979 follow-up study in an Indian female sterilization camp. The presence of a complaint before the operation was generally a good predictor of postoperative complaints. Centers performing fewer than 200 procedures were associated with more complaints.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rosenberg|first1=M. J.|last2=Rochat|first2=R. W.|last3=Akbar|first3=J.|last4=Gould|first4=P.|last5=Khan|first5=A. R.|last6=Measham|first6=A.|last7=Jabeen|first7=S.|date=August 1982|title=Sterilization in Bangladesh: mortality, morbidity, and risk factors|journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics|volume=20|issue=4|pages=283–291|issn=0020-7292|pmid=6127262|doi=10.1016/0020-7292(82)90057-1|s2cid=26123485}}</ref>

According to another study based on 20 sterilization-attributable deaths in [[Dacca Division|Dacca]] (now Dhaka) and [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]] Divisions in Bangladesh, from 1 January 1979, to 31 March 1980, overall, the sterilization-attributable death-to-case rate was 21.3 deaths/100,000 sterilizations. The death rate for vasectomy was 1.6 times higher than that for tubal ligation. [[Anesthesia]] overdosage was the leading cause of death following tubal ligation along with [[tetanus]] (24%), where intraperitoneal hemorrhage (14%), and infection other than tetanus (5%) was other leading causes of death.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Two women (10%) died from [[pulmonary embolism]] after tubal ligation; one (5%) died from each of the following: [[anaphylaxis]] from anti-tetanus serum, [[heat stroke]], [[small bowel obstruction]], and aspiration of vomitus. All seven men died from scrotal infections after vasectomy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grimes|first1=D. A.|last2=Peterson|first2=H. B.|last3=Rosenberg|first3=M. J.|last4=Fishburne|first4=J. I.|last5=Rochat|first5=R. W.|last6=Khan|first6=A. R.|last7=Islam|first7=R.|date=April 1982|title=Sterilization-attributable deaths in bangladesh|journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics|volume=20|issue=2|pages=149–154|issn=0020-7292|pmid=6125437|doi=10.1016/0020-7292(82)90029-7|s2cid=24472598}}</ref>

According to a second epidemiologic investigation of deaths attributable to sterilization in Bangladesh, where all deaths resulting from sterilizations performed nationwide between 16 September 1980 and 15 April 1981, were investigated and analyzed, nineteen deaths from tubal ligation were attributed to 153,032 sterilizations (both tubal ligation and vasectomy), for an overall death-to-case rate of 12.4 deaths per 100,000 sterilizations. This rate was lower than that (21.3) for sterilizations performed in Dacca (now Dhaka) and Rajshahi Divisions from 1 January 1979 to 31 March 1980, although this difference was not statistically significant. Anesthesia overdosage, tetanus, and [[hemorrhage]] (bleeding) were the leading causes of death.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grimes|first1=D. A.|last2=Satterthwaite|first2=A. P.|last3=Rochat|first3=R. W.|last4=Akhter|first4=N.|date=November 1982|title=Deaths from contraceptive sterilization in bangladesh: rates, causes, and prevention|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=60|issue=5|pages=635–640|issn=0029-7844|pmid=7145254}}</ref>

===== Backers =====
These civilian sterilization programs are funded by the countries from [[northern Europe]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=":5" /> [[World Bank|World bank]] is also known to have sponsored these civilian exploitative sterilization programs in Bangladesh. Historically, World Bank is known to have pressured 3rd World governments to implement population control programs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartmann|first=B.|date=June 1991|title=[Children and bankers in Bangladesh]|journal=Temas de Poblacion|volume=1|issue=2|pages=51–55|pmid=12284143}}</ref>

Bangladesh has the highest [[population density]] in the world among the countries having at least 10 million people. The capital Dhaka is the 4th [[List of cities by population density|most densely populated city]] in the world, which ranked as the world's 2nd most unlivable city, just behind [[Damascus]], [[Syria]], according to the annual "[[World's most liveable cities|Liveability Ranking]]" 2015 by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] (EIU).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Liveability2015|title=Global Liveability Ranking 2015 – The Economist Intelligence Unit|last=solutions|first=EIU digital|website=www.eiu.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090944/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Liveability2015|archive-date=2017-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/dhaka-second-least-livable-city-the-world-129154|title=Dhaka 2nd least liveable city in the world|date=2015-08-19|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-11-12|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905180327/http://www.thedailystar.net/country/dhaka-second-least-livable-city-the-world-129154|archive-date=2017-09-05}}</ref>